Weather + Natural Disasters – Gather 'Round Homeschool USA
Weather Natural Disasters unit cover

Get ready to chase storms, track tremors, and uncover the science behind nature’s most dramatic moments! This immersive homeschool unit takes students on a front-row journey through 20 unforgettable weather and natural disaster events, including hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and so much more! Students don’t just learn what happened—they dig into why it happened, explore the fascinating science at work, examine how communities responded, and discover how each event changed the way we predict, prepare for, and survive future disasters. Along the way, students will also step into the exciting world of meteorology, exploring how weather experts gather data and deliver forecasts from TV studios, storm sites, radio broadcasts, and podcasts. The unit wraps up with a dynamic, hands-on finale as students collect real data and present their own weather report, building confidence, communication skills, and a deep understanding of Earth’s powerful systems. This unit is unlike anything we've ever created, and it is sure to leave you with a lasting impression long after the clouds clear and the ground stops shaking.

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Resources

Access helpful materials, guides, and downloads that support your learning journey with Gather ’Round. Explore our growing library of resources designed to make teaching simple and engaging.

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Resources

Access helpful materials, guides, and downloads that support your learning journey with Gather ’Round. Explore our growing library of resources designed to make teaching simple and engaging.

Explore Resources

Scope and Sequence

Check out the scope and sequence for this unit.

Chicken Decorative Arrow
  • Northern Hemisphere
  • Southern Hemisphere
  • Louisiana
  • Texas
  • Gulf of Mexico
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Philippines
  • Grenada
  • Cayman Islands
  • Kauai, Hawaii
  • Nawiliwili Bay
  • Joplin, Missouri
  • Plainfield, Illinois
  • Oswego, Illinois
  • Kendall County
  • Will County
  • Joliet, Illinois
  • Central US
  • Oklahoma
  • Kansas
  • Nebraska
  • Canada
  • Mississippi
  • Alabama
  • South Dakota
  • Midwest
  • Ohio
  • Cedar Rapids, Iowa
  • Illinois
  • Chicago
  • Central US
  • Eastern US
  • Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  • Sri Lanka
  • India
  • Thailand
  • Australia
  • Queensland
  • Johnstown, Pennsylvania
  • Pakistan
  • Indian tectonic plate
  • Eurasian tectonic plate
  • Afghanistan
  • Kashmir
  • South Asia
  • Cascade volcanoes
  • California
  • Oregon
  • Washington
  • British Columbia, Canada
  • Pacific Ring of Fire
  • Mount St. Helens
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Shasta
  • Lake Nyos
  • Cameroon, Central Africa
  • Stillaguamish River
  • Oso, Washington
  • Appalachian Mountains
  • Rocky Mountains
  • Colombia
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Merapi
  • Vivian, South Dakota
  • New York City
  • New York
  • New England
  • Southeastern Canada
  • Great Plains
  • How location affects heat (dry in Arizona vs. humid in New York)
  • Paradise, California
  • When and where thunderstorms occur
  • How thunderstorms form
  • What lightning is
  • How lightning forms
  • Energy in lightning
  • Types of lightning: sheet/intra-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-ground, forked
  • Components of a thunderstorm
  • Hurricane
  • Cyclone
  • Typhoon
  • Tropical cyclones
  • How hurricanes are formed
  • Coriolis effect
  • Hurricane features
  • The parts of a hurricane
  • Hurricanes on a radar
  • Tornado
  • How tornadoes form
  • Rear-inflow jet
  • What is a derecho
  • When and where derechos usually occur
  • What is a microburst
  • Anemometers
  • Tsunamis
  • Difference between tsunamis and regular waves
  • How tsunamis form
  • Demonstrate tsunami waves
  • Storm surge
  • How storm surges form
  • The impact storm surges have
  • How scientists classify storm surges
  • Why storm surges are dangerous
  • Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH)
  • River floods
  • What causes river floods
  • Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOFs)
  • What forms glacial lakes
  • What causes GLOFs
  • What makes natural dams
  • Moraine-dammed lake
  • Bedrock-dammed lake
  • Landslide-dammed lake
  • Subglacial lake
  • Supraglacial lake
  • Earth's crust
  • Tectonic plates
  • Earthquakes
  • How faults move
  • Types of faults
  • Plate boundaries
  • Volcanoes
  • Magma
  • How volcanoes erupt
  • Volcanic ash
  • Vent
  • Pipe
  • Cone
  • Magma chamber
  • Lava
  • Types of volcanoes
  • Cinder cone
  • Composite volcano (stratovolcano)
  • Shield volcano
  • Lava dome
  • Volcano demonstration: explosive gases
  • Avalanches
  • What a snowpack is
  • What causes avalanches
  • Avalanche warning signs
  • A snowy scene
  • What crater lakes are and how they are formed
  • Meromictic lakes
  • Carbon dioxide in meromictic lakes
  • Lake degassing systems and how they work
  • Carbon dioxide sensors
  • Role of carbon dioxide in baking
  • Landslides
  • What causes landslides
  • Debris flows
  • What causes debris flows
  • Where landslides are common
  • Landslide warning signs
  • Volcanic mudflows (lahars)
  • Nevado del Ruiz volcano
  • What causes lahars
  • Impacts of lahars
  • Lahar alarms
  • Hailstorm weather conditions
  • How hail forms
  • Measuring hail by diameter
  • Largest hailstone ever was 8 inches across and weighed 2 pounds
  • Life cycle of a snowflake
  • Shapes of snowflakes
  • Properties of snow: warm, reflective, used for building
  • Dry vs. wet snow
  • Ice storms: what are they and how they form
  • El Niño
  • Forecasting ice storms with Doppler radar, weather balloons, satellite images
  • Issuing an ice storm warning when expected glaze is >0.25 inches
  • What happens when rain disappears
  • Tracking droughts
  • Heat waves: what they are and their hazards
  • How sweat cools you
  • Signs of heat exhaustion
  • Urban heat island effect
  • Ways to cool down during a heat wave
  • Common temperatures
  • Wildfires
  • Fire behaviors and the fire triangle
  • The contributions of weather and landscape to wildfires
  • Controlling and putting out wildfires
  • Use cutouts to show how storms form
  • Use cutouts to label parts of a hurricane
  • Poetry study: "Resolution and Independence"
  • Use cutouts to label the different types of windstorms
  • Words that relate to tsunamis
  • Label and pronounce the tropical storms
  • Rhyming words
  • Write a rhyming slogan
  • Use cutouts to label the different types of dams
  • Trace the words: faults
  • Use the cutouts to label the parts of a volcano
  • Trace the words: avalanche, snow, ice
  • Trace the words to label the layers of the lake
  • Use cutouts to label the landslide and mudslide
  • Personification
  • Follow directions to show how hail forms
  • Write a letter
  • Use cutouts to label the life cycle of a snowflake
  • Trace the words to complete the fact about ice storms
  • Use cutouts to label facts about droughts
  • Circle ways to cool down
  • Pan Am Flight 214 lightning strike
  • Galveston hurricane (1900)
  • Use of pearl shells in Indigenous art
  • Johnstown Flood (1889)
  • Aftermath of the Johnstown Flood
  • Clara Barton
  • American Red Cross' first major peacetime disaster relief effort
  • Lake Palcacocha GLOF (1941)
  • Transportation of mail carriers in the United States throughout time
  • Great Blizzard of 1888: impact, snow totals, lessons learned
  • Wilson "Snowflake" Bentley
  • Drought in the 1930s
  • Black blizzards
  • Dust Bowl
  • Soil Conservation Service: created to train farmers in new practices
  • How hurricanes are named
  • Hurricane Ivan aftermath and recovery
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
  • Hurricane Iniki (1992)
  • Joplin tornado (2011)
  • Plainfield tornado (1990)
  • Why the Plainfield tornado was so bad
  • Forecasting tornadoes
  • Tornado watch
  • Tornado warning
  • Plainfield recovery
  • Changes to tornado tracking and radar systems
  • Tornado Alley
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
  • Midwest derecho (2020)
  • Crash of Delta Flight 191 (1985)
  • President Ronald Reagan experienced microbust in 1983
  • How Cedar Rapids rebuilt
  • Prepare, Act, Communicate, Train (P.A.C.T.)
  • ReLeaf Cedar Rapids
  • Indian Ocean tsunami (2004)
  • How scientists use SLOSH to warn about storm surges
  • How forecasting storm surges has changed
  • Flash flood safety
  • Handling emotions
  • Earthquake in Kashmir (2005)
  • Aftermath of the Kashmir earthquake
  • Mount St. Helens eruption (1980)
  • How the eruption affected the area
  • Aftermath of Mount St. Helens
  • Galtür (Austria) avalanche (1999)
  • Rescue efforts after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche safety changes after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche danger color-coded scale
  • Lake Nyos limnic eruption (1986)
  • Tools scientists use to detect and warn of possible limnic eruptions
  • Oso landslide (2014)
  • Aftermath of the Oso landslide
  • Armero lahar destruction (1985)
  • Mount Merapi eruption (2010)
  • Disaster relief efforts
  • July 23, 2010: Vivian hailstorm
  • Destruction of hailstorms
  • Community cleanup afterward
  • United States mail carriers
  • Changes made to the community in NYC after the Blizzard of 1888, like underground wires and underground subway system
  • January 1998 ice storm
  • Cleanup after an ice storm: cutting up downed trees and restoring utilities
  • Preparing for a future ice storm: fortifying infrastructure and communication, emergency plans, stocking up on essentials
  • Critical-thinking skills and the concept of being safe or sorry
  • The role of artists, photographers, writers, and musicians in sharing news and history
  • Water conservation challenge
  • Chicago heat wave (July 1995)
  • Implementing plans to avoid future heat-related catastrophes
  • Paradise, California, wildfire (November 8, 2018)
  • Rebuilding as a community after a wildfire
  • Color the storm
  • Hurricane art
  • Color the tornado
  • Color the tsunami
  • Create shell art
  • Paint a snowy scene
  • Create a structure
  • Snowflake art
  • Bake homemade bread
  • Job 37:5
  • God's design in creation
  • God's protection
  • Jesus calms the storm
  • Mark 4:35–41
  • Mark 4:39
  • Trusting Jesus
  • Jesus brings peace
  • Job 37
  • Consider God's work
  • Trusting God when we don't understand
  • Psalm 46:1
  • God is our shelter
  • God is present in the chaos
  • Psalm 93:4
  • Nature can be unpredictable, but God isn't
  • God is mightier than the waves
  • Isaiah 43:2
  • God is always near
  • God is our anchor
  • Psalm 29:10–11
  • God is in control
  • Trusting in God's timing
  • 1 John 1:9
  • God forgives and cleanses
  • Ecclesiastes 3:1, 4
  • Matthew 7:24–27
  • Building our lives on solid ground
  • Psalm 104
  • God is always present
  • Psalm 121:1–2
  • God is our help
  • Psalm 139:1–2
  • Fully seen and known by God
  • Psalm 40:2
  • God is with us
  • God restores
  • Isaiah 61:3
  • Beauty for ashes
  • God's presence in loss
  • Psalm 33:8
  • Stand in awe of God
  • God is bigger than any storm
  • Isaiah 1:18
  • God washes us white as snow
  • 2 Corinthians 12
  • God doesn't always calm the storm, but He always sees us through it
  • 1 Kings 17–18
  • Exodus 15:22–18:27
  • Isaiah 58:11
  • God is near even in the driest seasons
  • Jesus is our Living Water
  • Genesis 2:7
  • Philippians 2:4
  • Be attentive to ways you can help others in need
  • Isaiah 43:2b
  • Growing for God through trials
  • Northern Hemisphere
  • Southern Hemisphere
  • Louisiana
  • Texas
  • Gulf of Mexico
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Philippines
  • Grenada
  • Cayman Islands
  • Kauai, Hawaii
  • Nawiliwili Bay
  • Joplin, Missouri
  • Plainfield, Illinois
  • Oswego, Illinois
  • Kendall County
  • Will County
  • Joliet, Illinois
  • Central US
  • Oklahoma
  • Kansas
  • Nebraska
  • Canada
  • Mississippi
  • Alabama
  • South Dakota
  • Midwest
  • Ohio
  • Cedar Rapids, Iowa
  • Illinois
  • Chicago
  • Central US
  • Eastern US
  • Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  • Sri Lanka
  • India
  • Thailand
  • Australia
  • Queensland
  • Johnstown, Pennsylvania
  • Pakistan
  • Indian tectonic plate
  • Eurasian tectonic plate
  • Afghanistan
  • Kashmir
  • South Asia
  • Cascade volcanoes
  • California
  • Oregon
  • Washington
  • British Columbia, Canada
  • Pacific Ring of Fire
  • Mount St. Helens
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Shasta
  • Newberry Volcano
  • Mount Meager
  • North Carolina
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Lake Nyos
  • Cameroon, Central Africa
  • Stillaguamish River
  • Oso, Washington
  • Appalachian Mountains
  • Rocky Mountains
  • Pacific Coast Ranges
  • Colombia
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Merapi
  • Vivian, South Dakota
  • New York City
  • New York
  • New England
  • Southeastern Canada
  • Great Plains
  • How location affects heat (dry in Arizona vs. humid in New York)
  • Paradise, California
  • When and where thunderstorms occur
  • How thunderstorms form
  • What lightning is
  • How lightning forms
  • Energy in lightning
  • Types of lightning: sheet/intra-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-ground, forked
  • Early experiment to prove connection between lightning and electricity
  • Hurricane
  • Cyclone
  • Typhoon
  • Tropical cyclones
  • How hurricanes are formed
  • Coriolis effect
  • Hurricane features
  • The parts of a hurricane
  • Hurricanes on a radar
  • Tornado
  • How tornadoes form
  • Radar-indicated tornadoes
  • Parts of a tornado on radar
  • Rear-inflow jet
  • What is a derecho
  • When and where derechos usually occur
  • What is a microburst
  • Anemometers
  • Weather-related terms: Lessons 1–4
  • Tsunamis
  • Difference between tsunamis and regular waves
  • How tsunamis form
  • Demonstrate tsunami waves
  • Storm surge
  • How storm surges form
  • The impact storm surges have
  • How scientists classify storm surges
  • Why storm surges are dangerous
  • Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH)
  • Saltwater effects on plants
  • River floods
  • What causes river floods
  • Water absorption experiment
  • Technology of green screens
  • Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOFs)
  • What forms glacial lakes
  • What causes GLOFs
  • What makes natural dams
  • Moraine-dammed lake
  • Bedrock-dammed lake
  • Landslide-dammed lake
  • Subglacial lake
  • Supraglacial lake
  • Surface tension
  • Weather-related terms: Lessons 5–8
  • Earth's crust
  • Tectonic plates
  • Earthquakes
  • How faults move
  • Types of faults
  • Plate boundaries
  • Volcanoes
  • Magma
  • How volcanoes erupt
  • Volcanic ash
  • Vent
  • Pipe
  • Cone
  • Magma chamber
  • Lava
  • Types of volcanoes
  • Cinder cone
  • Composite volcano (stratovolcano)
  • Shield volcano
  • Lava dome
  • Volcano demonstration: explosive gases
  • Avalanches
  • What a snowpack is
  • What causes avalanches
  • Avalanche warning signs
  • Speed-and-slope ramp experiment
  • What crater lakes are and how they are formed
  • Meromictic lakes
  • Carbon dioxide in meromictic lakes
  • Lake degassing systems and how they work
  • Carbon dioxide sensors
  • Gas exchange in our bodies
  • How the lungs work
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Role of carbon dioxide in baking
  • Natural disaster related terms: Lessons 9–12
  • Landslides
  • What causes landslides
  • Debris flows
  • What causes debris flows
  • Where landslides are common
  • Landslide warning signs
  • Data collection: local weather
  • Volcanic mudflows (lahars)
  • Nevado del Ruiz volcano
  • What causes lahars
  • Impacts of lahars
  • Lahar alarms
  • Predictive modeling: how scientists determine the path or speed of lahars
  • Investigate things that increase or decrease speed
  • Hailstorm weather conditions
  • How hail forms
  • Measuring hail by diameter
  • Largest hailstone ever was 8 inches across and weighed 2 pounds
  • Cloudy vs. clear ice formation
  • Precipitation on radar
  • Life cycle of a snowflake
  • Shapes of snowflakes
  • Properties of snow: warm, reflective, used for building
  • Dry vs. wet snow
  • Use data to create a weather forecast
  • Natural-disaster-related terms: Lessons 13–16
  • Ice storms: what are they and how they form
  • El Niño
  • Forecasting ice storms with Doppler radar, weather balloons, satellite images
  • Issuing an ice storm warning when expected glaze is >0.25 inches
  • Supercooled water experiment
  • What happens when rain disappears
  • Tracking droughts
  • Efficient irrigation
  • Heat waves: what they are and their hazards
  • How sweat cools you
  • Signs of heat exhaustion
  • Urban heat island effect
  • Ways to cool down during a heat wave
  • Thermoregulation
  • Common temperatures
  • Wildfires
  • Fire behaviors and the fire triangle
  • The contributions of weather and landscape to wildfires
  • Controlling and putting out wildfires
  • Natural-disaster-related terms: Lessons 17–20
  • Vocabulary: surge, refuel
  • Answer comprehension questions about thunderstorms with information from the lesson
  • Weather reports: studio reporting
  • Write or dictate a story from Benjamin Franklin's perspective
  • Vocabulary: unstable, inland
  • Answer comprehension questions about hurricanes with information from the lesson
  • Use cutouts from the appendix to label parts of a hurricane
  • Trace the words to label each storm
  • Weather reports: radio reporting
  • Vocabulary: trail, rotation
  • Answer comprehension questions about tornadoes with information from the lesson
  • Weather reports: podcast reporting
  • Poetry study: "Resolution and Independence"
  • Vocabulary: upright, brunt
  • Answer comprehension questions about windstorms with information from the lesson
  • Weather reports: on-location reporting
  • Review of weather terms in Lessons 1–4
  • Vocabulary: global, jolt
  • Answer comprehension questions about tsunamis with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: lunge, erode
  • Answer comprehension questions about storm surges and coastal flooding with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: carve, cascade
  • Answer comprehension questions about river and flash flooding with information from the lesson
  • Rhyming words
  • Write a slogan
  • Vocabulary: rim, prevent
  • Answer comprehension questions about GLOFs with information from the lesson
  • Review of weather terms in Lessons 5–8
  • Vocabulary: crust, compassion
  • Answer comprehension questions about earthquakes with information from the lesson
  • Public speaking
  • Creative writing: earthquakes
  • Vocabulary: hazard, lateral
  • Answer comprehension questions about volcanic eruptions with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: collapse, severe
  • Answer comprehension questions about avalanches with information from the lesson
  • Public speaking: speech skills
  • Vocabulary: rare, cling
  • Answer comprehension questions about limnic eruptions with information from the lesson
  • Apply public-speaking skills to presentation
  • Present "Hey Diddle Diddle"
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 9–12
  • Vocabulary: steep, signal
  • Answer comprehension questions about landslides with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: uproot, obstacle
  • Answer comprehension questions about lahars with information from the lesson
  • Use of a graphic organizer
  • Figure of speech: personification
  • Vocabulary: hurl, sphere
  • Answer comprehension questions about hailstorms with information from the lesson
  • Write a letter
  • Vocabulary: slender, visibility
  • Answer comprehension questions about snowstorms with information from the lesson
  • Create a final draft of a weather forecast graphic
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 13–16
  • Vocabulary: coat, pry
  • Answer comprehension questions about ice storms with information from the lesson
  • Unit project: plan your broadcast
  • Vocabulary: brittle, dreary
  • Answer comprehension questions about droughts with information from the lesson
  • Use cutouts to label facts about droughts
  • Write a script
  • Vocabulary: seep, wilt
  • Answer comprehension questions about heat waves with information from the lesson
  • Practice final project presentation
  • Vocabulary: brush, frail
  • Present unit project: broadcast presentation
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 17–20
  • Pan Am Flight 214 lightning strike
  • Benjamin Franklin: lightning experiment
  • Galveston hurricane (1900)
  • Timeline of National Weather Service
  • History of anemometers
  • Cyclone Mahina (1899)
  • Use of pearl shells in Indigenous art
  • Johnstown Flood (1889)
  • Aftermath of the Johnstown Flood
  • Clara Barton
  • American Red Cross' first major peacetime disaster relief effort
  • History of flood insurance
  • Lake Palcacocha GLOF (1941)
  • Significant events with earthquakes
  • Mount Vesuvius eruption (AD 79)
  • Ancient city of Pompeii
  • Barry, the avalanche rescue dog
  • Herodotus: Greek historian
  • Transportation of mail carriers in the United States throughout time
  • Great Blizzard of 1888: impact, snow totals, lessons learned
  • Wilson "Snowflake" Bentley
  • Drought in the 1930s
  • Black blizzards
  • Dust Bowl
  • Soil Conservation Service: created to train farmers in new practices
  • Timeline of the history of air conditioning
  • Common temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius
  • Occupation of meteorologist
  • How hurricanes are named
  • Hurricane Ivan aftermath and recovery
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
  • Hurricane Iniki (1992)
  • Occupation of radio reporter
  • Emergency preparedness
  • Joplin tornado (2011)
  • Plainfield tornado (1990)
  • Why the Plainfield tornado was so bad
  • Forecasting tornadoes
  • Tornado watch
  • Tornado warning
  • Plainfield recovery
  • Changes to tornado tracking and radar systems
  • Tornado Alley
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
  • Occupation of podcast reporter
  • National Weather Service (NWS)
  • Midwest derecho (2020)
  • Crash of Delta Flight 191 (1985)
  • President Ronald Reagan experienced microbust in 1983
  • How Cedar Rapids rebuilt
  • Prepare, Act, Communicate, Train (P.A.C.T.)
  • ReLeaf Cedar Rapids
  • Occupation of on-location reporters
  • Disaster-relief funding
  • Indian Ocean tsunami (2004)
  • News studios
  • World Vision
  • Immediate needs vs. wants
  • How scientists use SLOSH to warn of storm surges
  • How forecasting storm surges has changed
  • Occupation of news anchor
  • Flash flood safety
  • Use of green screens in media
  • Flood insurance
  • Occupation of presenter
  • Occupation of camera operator
  • Handling emotions
  • Earthquake in Kashmir (2005)
  • Aftermath of the Kashmir earthquake
  • Personal reflection: public speaking
  • Mount St. Helens eruption (1980)
  • How the eruption affected the area
  • Aftermath of Mount St. Helens
  • Body language
  • Galtür (Austria) avalanche (1999)
  • Rescue efforts after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche safety changes after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche danger color-coded scale
  • Search-and-rescue dogs
  • Lake Nyos limnic eruption (1986)
  • Tools scientists use to detect and warn of possible limnic eruptions
  • Confidence
  • Oso landslide (2014)
  • Aftermath of the Oso landslide
  • Forest management
  • Occupation of forester
  • Forest harvesting
  • Uses of timber
  • Reforestation
  • Armero lahar destruction (1985)
  • Mount Merapi eruption (2010)
  • Disaster relief efforts
  • July 23, 2010: Vivian hailstorm
  • Destruction of hailstorms
  • Community cleanup afterward
  • United States mail carriers
  • Changes made to the community in NYC after the Blizzard of 1888, like underground wires and underground subway system
  • January 1998 ice storm
  • Cleanup after an ice storm: cutting up downed trees and restoring utilities
  • Preparing for a future ice storm: fortifying infrastructure and communication, emergency plans, stocking up on essentials
  • Critical-thinking skills and the concept of being safe or sorry
  • The role of artists, photographers, writers, and musicians in sharing news and history
  • Water conservation challenge
  • Chicago heat wave (July 1995)
  • Implementing plans to avoid future heat-related catastrophes
  • Paradise, California, wildfire (November 8, 2018)
  • Rebuilding as a community after a wildfire
  • Complete self-evaluation rubric: broadcast presentation
  • Hurricane art
  • Poem illustration
  • Draw a storm
  • Create shell art
  • Design a slogan
  • Videography
  • Paint a snowy scene
  • Create a structure
  • Design a graphic organizer
  • Weather radar art
  • Snowflake art
  • Bake homemade bread
  • Job 37:5
  • God's design in creation
  • God's protection
  • Psalm 56:3
  • Isaiah 41:10
  • John 16:33
  • Psalm 34:4
  • Jesus calms the storm
  • Mark 4:35–41
  • Mark 4:39
  • Trusting Jesus
  • Jesus brings peace
  • Job 37
  • Consider God's work
  • Trusting God when we don't understand
  • Psalm 46:1
  • God is our shelter
  • God is present in the chaos
  • Psalm 93:4
  • Nature can be unpredictable, but God isn't
  • God is mightier than the waves
  • Isaiah 43:2
  • God is always near
  • God is our anchor
  • Evidence of the flood
  • Genesis 7:1
  • Genesis 7:19
  • Genesis 8:1
  • Genesis 9:16
  • Psalm 29:10–11
  • God is in control
  • Trusting in God's timing
  • 1 John 1:9
  • God forgives and cleanses
  • Ecclesiastes 3:1, 4
  • Matthew 7:24–27
  • Building our lives on solid ground
  • Earthquakes in the Bible
  • Matthew 27:51,54
  • Matthew 28:2
  • Acts 4:31
  • Psalm 104
  • God is always present
  • Psalm 121:1–2
  • God is our help
  • Psalm 139:1–2
  • Fully seen and known by God
  • 2 Timothy 1:7
  • Psalm 40:2
  • God is with us
  • God restores
  • Isaiah 61:3
  • Beauty for ashes
  • God's presence in loss
  • Psalm 33:8
  • Stand in awe of God
  • God is bigger than any storm
  • Exodus 9:18–35
  • The seventh plague: hail
  • Isaiah 1:18
  • God washes us white as snow
  • 2 Corinthians 12
  • God doesn't always calm the storm, but He always sees us through it
  • 1 Kings 17–18
  • Exodus 15:22–18:27
  • Isaiah 58:11
  • God is near even in the driest seasons
  • Jesus is our Living Water
  • Genesis 2:7
  • Philippians 2:4
  • Be attentive to ways you can help others in need
  • Isaiah 43:2b
  • Growing for God through trials
  • Northern Hemisphere
  • Southern Hemisphere
  • Africa
  • Equator
  • Caribbean
  • US Gulf Coast
  • Gulf Shores, Alabama
  • Pensacola, Florida
  • Louisiana
  • Texas
  • Gulf of Mexico
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Philippines
  • Grenada
  • Cayman Islands
  • Kauai, Hawaii
  • Nawiliwili Bay
  • Joplin, Missouri
  • Plainfield, Illinois
  • Oswego, Illinois
  • Kendall County
  • Will County
  • Joliet, Illinois
  • Central US
  • Oklahoma
  • Kansas
  • Nebraska
  • Canada
  • Mississippi
  • Alabama
  • How to use a compass rose
  • Cardinal directions
  • South Dakota
  • Midwest
  • Ohio
  • Cedar Rapids, Iowa
  • Illinois
  • Chicago
  • Central US
  • Eastern US
  • Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  • Sri Lanka
  • India
  • Thailand
  • Japan
  • Malaysia
  • Myanmar
  • Bangladesh
  • Maldives
  • Seychelles
  • Somalia
  • Australia
  • Queensland
  • Bathurst Bay
  • Johnstown, Pennsylvania
  • Lake Palcacocha
  • Peru
  • Cojup Valley
  • Lake Jircacocha
  • Huaraz
  • Santa River
  • Pakistan
  • Indian tectonic plate
  • Eurasian tectonic plate
  • Afghanistan
  • Kashmir
  • South Asia
  • Mapping tectonic plate boundaries
  • Cascade volcanoes
  • California
  • Oregon
  • Washington
  • British Columbia, Canada
  • Pacific Ring of Fire
  • Mount St. Helens
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Shasta
  • Newberry Volcano
  • Mount Meager
  • North Carolina
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Lake Nyos
  • Cameroon, Central Africa
  • Stillaguamish River
  • Oso, Washington
  • Hazel Landslide zone
  • Appalachian Mountains
  • Rocky Mountains
  • Pacific Coast Ranges
  • Colombia
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Merapi
  • Vivian, South Dakota
  • New York City
  • New York
  • New England
  • Southeastern Canada
  • Ontario
  • Maine
  • Great Plains
  • Chicago
  • New York
  • How location affects heat (dry in AZ vs. humid in NY)
  • Paradise, California
  • When and where thunderstorms occur
  • How thunderstorms form
  • Types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multi-cell, squall lines, supercells
  • What lightning is
  • How lightning forms
  • Energy in lightning
  • Types of lightning: sheet/intra-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-ground, forked, rare lightning
  • Early experiment to prove connection between lightning and electricity
  • Hurricane
  • Cyclone
  • Typhoon
  • Tropical cyclones
  • How hurricanes are formed
  • Coriolis effect
  • Hurricane features
  • Hurricane category and scale
  • The parts of a hurricane
  • Hurricanes on a radar
  • Tornado
  • How tornadoes form
  • Radar-indicated tornadoes
  • Parts of a tornado on radar
  • Rear-inflow jet
  • What is a derecho
  • When and where derechos usually occur
  • Mesoscale convection system
  • Bow echo
  • How derechos form
  • What classifies as a derecho
  • What is a microburst
  • Anemometers
  • Weather-related terms: Lessons 1–4
  • Tsunamis
  • Difference between tsunamis and regular waves
  • How tsunamis form
  • Trough and crest of a wave
  • Shoaling
  • How the shape of the coastline affects tsunamis
  • How earthquakes cause tsunamis
  • Landslides trigger tsunamis
  • Volcanoes cause tsunamis
  • Meteotsunamis
  • Demonstrate tsunami waves
  • Storm surge
  • How storm surges form
  • The impact storm surges have
  • How scientists classify storm surges
  • Other factors that contribute to storm-surge severity
  • Hurricane Charley and Hurricane Ian comparison
  • Why storm surges are dangerous
  • Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH)
  • How SLOSH works
  • Saltwater effects on plants
  • River floods
  • What causes river floods
  • Flash floods
  • What causes flash floods
  • Flash flood destruction
  • Water absorption experiment
  • Technology of green screens
  • Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOFs)
  • What forms glacial lakes
  • What causes GLOFs
  • What makes natural dams
  • Moraine-dammed lake
  • Bedrock-dammed lake
  • Landslide-dammed lake
  • Subglacial lake
  • Supraglacial lake
  • How GLOFs are monitored
  • How to help prevent GLOFs
  • Surface tension
  • Weather-related terms: Lessons 5–8
  • Earth's crust
  • Tectonic plates
  • Earthquakes
  • Faults
  • Seismic waves
  • Hypocenter
  • Epicenter
  • Foreshocks and aftershocks
  • How faults move
  • Types of faults
  • How earthquakes are measured
  • Moment Magnitude Scale
  • Seismometers
  • How earthquake intensity is measured
  • Plate boundaries
  • Pyroclastic flows
  • Lahars
  • Volcanoes
  • Magma
  • How volcanoes erupt
  • Volcanic ash
  • Vent
  • Pipe
  • Cone
  • Magma chamber
  • Magma system
  • Lava
  • Types of volcanoes
  • Cinder cone
  • Composite volcano (stratovolcano)
  • Shield volcano
  • Lava dome
  • Volcano demonstration: explosive gases
  • Avalanches
  • What a snowpack is
  • What causes avalanches
  • Types of avalanches
  • Avalanches on Mars
  • Avalanche warning signs
  • Speed-and-slope ramp experiment
  • What crater lakes are and how they are formed
  • Meromictic lakes
  • Carbon dioxide in meromictic lakes
  • Hypolimnion
  • Epilimnion
  • How limnic eruptions occur
  • What carbon dioxide is
  • How carbon dioxide affects living things
  • Lake degassing systems and how they work
  • Carbon dioxide sensors
  • Gas exchange in our bodies
  • How the lungs work
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Role of carbon dioxide in baking
  • Natural disaster related terms: Lessons 9–12
  • Landslides
  • What causes landslides
  • Debris flows
  • What causes debris flows
  • Types of landslides and debris flows
  • Where landslides are common
  • Landslide warning signs
  • Data collection: local weather
  • Weather instrument: rain gauge
  • Volcanic mudflows (lahars)
  • Nevado del Ruiz volcano
  • Hot and cold lahars
  • How lahars are tracked
  • Lahar alarms
  • Technology used to detect lahars: ground vibration systems, rainfall monitors, and acoustic flow detectors
  • Predictive modeling: how scientists determine the path or speed of a lahars
  • Calculate speed, distance, and time
  • Investigate things that increase or decrease speed
  • Hailstorm weather conditions
  • Measuring hail by diameter
  • How hail forms
  • Three requirements for hail formation: moisture, freezing temperatures, updrafts
  • Predicting hail with dual-polarization radar, Hydrometeor Classification Algorithm (HCA), Maximum Estimated Hail Size (MESH)
  • Largest hailstone ever was 8 inches across and weighed 2 pounds
  • Cloudy vs. clear ice formation
  • Precipitation on radar
  • Life cycle of a snowflake
  • Shapes of snowflakes
  • Differentiating between snowstorms, blizzards, and whiteouts
  • Properties of snow: warm, reflective, used for building
  • Dry vs. wet snow
  • The sound changes in snowy places
  • Forecasting snow advisories
  • Use data to create a weather forecast
  • Natural-disaster-related terms: Lessons 13–16
  • Ice storms: what are they and how they form
  • El Niño
  • Other forms of frozen precipitation: freezing rain, sleet, snow, frost
  • Forecasting ice storms with Doppler radar, weather balloons, satellite images
  • Issuing an ice storm warning when expected glaze is >0.25 inches
  • Hidden dangers of an ice storm: black ice, heavy icicles, generator risks
  • Supercooled water experiment
  • How farming practices contributed to the Dust Bowl
  • Dust pneumonia
  • What happens when rain disappears
  • Tracking droughts
  • Types of droughts: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, socioeconomic, ecological
  • Long-term effects of droughts in different environments: forests, urban areas, etc.
  • Efficient irrigation
  • Heat waves: what they are and their hazards
  • How heat waves form
  • Jet streams
  • Atmospheric blocking and high-pressure systems
  • Heat domes
  • How sweat cools you
  • Signs of heat exhaustion
  • Urban heat island effect
  • Differences between dry heat and humid heat
  • Thermoregulation
  • Common temperatures
  • Wildfires
  • Conditions that fuel wildfires and the wildland-urban interface
  • Fire behaviors and the fire triangle
  • Types of fires: ground, surface, crown
  • Tracking the spread of and containment of wildfires
  • The contribution of weather and landscape to wildfires
  • Fuel moisture
  • Fire Weather Index
  • Controlling and putting out wildfires
  • Natural-disaster-related terms: Lessons 17–20
  • Vocabulary: refuel, condense
  • Answer comprehension questions about thunderstorms with information from the lesson
  • Weather reports: studio reporting
  • Write or dictate a story from Benjamin Franklin's perspective
  • Vocabulary: inland, relentless
  • Answer comprehension questions about hurricanes with information from the lesson
  • Write the terms to label parts of a hurricane
  • Write correct terms for different storms
  • Weather reports: radio reporting
  • Vocabulary: rotation, eerily
  • Answer comprehension questions about tornadoes with information from the lesson
  • Weather reports: podcast reporting
  • Compare podcast and radio reporting
  • Poetry study: "Resolution and Independence"
  • Vocabulary: brunt, debris
  • Answer comprehension questions about windstorms with information from the lesson
  • Weather reports: on-location reporting
  • Review of weather terms in Lessons 1–4
  • Vocabulary: jolt, tremor
  • Answer comprehension questions about tsunamis with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: erode, intersect
  • Answer comprehension questions about storm surges and coastal flooding with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: cascade, alter
  • Answer comprehension questions about river and flash flooding with information from the lesson
  • Rhyming words
  • Write a slogan
  • Vocabulary: prevent, retreating
  • Answer comprehension questions about GLOFs with information from the lesson
  • Review of weather terms in Lessons 5–8
  • Vocabulary: compassion, fracture
  • Answer comprehension questions about earthquakes with information from the lesson
  • Public speaking
  • Creative writing: earthquakes
  • Vocabulary: lateral, molten
  • Answer comprehension questions about volcanic eruptions with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: severe, texture
  • Answer comprehension questions about avalanches with information from the lesson
  • Public speaking: speech skills
  • Vocabulary: cling, displace
  • Answer comprehension questions about limnic eruptions with information from the lesson
  • Apply public-speaking skills to presentation
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 9–12
  • Vocabulary: signal, anchor
  • Answer comprehension questions about landslides with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: obstacle, acoustic
  • Answer comprehension questions about lahars with information from the lesson
  • Use of a graphic organizer
  • Figure of speech: personification
  • Vocabulary: sphere, puncture
  • Answer comprehension questions about hailstorms with information from the lesson
  • Write a letter
  • Vocabulary: visibility, muffle
  • Answer comprehension questions about snowstorms with information from the lesson
  • Create a final draft of a weather forecast graphic
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 13–16
  • Vocabulary: pry, hazard
  • Answer comprehension questions about ice storms with information from the lesson
  • Unit project: plan your broadcast
  • Vocabulary: dreary, blot out
  • Answer comprehension questions about droughts with information from the lesson
  • Label facts about droughts
  • Write a script
  • Vocabulary: wilt, sputter
  • Answer comprehension questions about heat waves with information from the lesson
  • Practice final project presentation
  • Vocabulary: frail, ember
  • Present unit project: broadcast presentation
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 17–20
  • Pan Am Flight 214 lightning strike
  • Changes to plane safety during storms
  • Benjamin Franklin: lightning experiment
  • Galveston hurricane (1900)
  • Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale
  • Herbert Saffir
  • Robert Simpson
  • Timeline of National Weather Service
  • History of anemometers
  • Lituya Bay, Alaska tsunami (1958)
  • Krakatoa volcano (1883)
  • Cyclone Mahina (1899)
  • What made Cyclone Mahina so destructive
  • Use of pearl shells in Indigenous art
  • Johnstown Flood (1889)
  • South Fork Dam failure
  • Problems with the South Fork Dam
  • Aftermath of the Johnstown Flood
  • Clara Barton
  • American Red Cross' first major peacetime disaster relief effort
  • How Johnstown helped change US liability laws
  • How Johnstown affected dam safety rules
  • History of flood insurance
  • Lake Palcacocha GLOF (1941)
  • Significant events with earthquakes
  • Mount Vesuvius eruption (AD 79)
  • Ancient city of Pompeii
  • Barry, the avalanche rescue dog
  • Herodotus: Greek historian
  • Transportation of mail carriers in the United States throughout time
  • Great Blizzard of 1888: impact, snow totals, lessons learned
  • Mark Twain
  • William Steinway
  • P.T. Barnum
  • Wilson "Snowflake" Bentley
  • Drought in the 1930s
  • Black blizzards
  • Dust Bowl
  • April 14, 1935: Black Sunday
  • Soil Conservation Service: created to train farmers in new practices
  • Heat wave and the Dust Bowl (Summer 1936)
  • Timeline of the history of air conditioning
  • Common temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius
  • Occupation of meteorologist
  • Hurricane Ivan (2004)
  • Hurricane Ivan costs, destruction, and damage
  • Cyclone Freddy (2023)
  • Hurricane Sandy (2012)
  • Hurricane Beryl (2024)
  • Tropical Storm Julia
  • Hurricane Alice
  • How hurricanes are named
  • World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
  • Hurricane Katrina (2005)
  • Hurricane Ivan aftermath and recovery
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
  • Hurricane Iniki (1992)
  • Occupation of radio reporter
  • Emergency preparedness
  • Joplin tornado (2011)
  • Plainfield tornado (1990)
  • Why the Plainfield tornado was so bad
  • Forecasting tornadoes
  • Tornado watch
  • Tornado warning
  • Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF)
  • Tornado damage rating
  • Plainfield recovery
  • Changes to tornado tracking and radar systems
  • Tornado Alley
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
  • Occupation of podcast reporter
  • National Weather Service (NWS)
  • Midwest derecho (2020)
  • Crash of Delta Flight 191 (1985)
  • President Ronald Reagan experienced microbust in 1983
  • How Cedar Rapids rebuilt
  • Prepare, Act, Communicate, Train (P.A.C.T.)
  • ReLeaf Cedar Rapids
  • Occupation of on-location reporters
  • Disaster-relief funding
  • Indian Ocean tsunami (2004)
  • Japan is one of the most tsunami-prone countries
  • Japan invests in high-tech tsunami alerts and seawalls
  • Aftermath of Indian Ocean tsunami
  • Relief efforts and organizations like World Vision
  • Establishment of Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System
  • News studios
  • Immediate needs vs. wants
  • How scientists use SLOSH to warn of storm surges
  • How forecasting storm surges has changed
  • Occupation of news anchor
  • Flash flood safety
  • Pennsylvania's Dam Safety and Encroachments Act of 1978
  • Use of green screens in media
  • Flood insurance
  • Occupation of presenter
  • Occupation of camera operator
  • Handling emotions
  • Earthquake in Kashmir (2005)
  • How the earthquake affected the region
  • What made it so tragic
  • Aftermath of the Kashmir earthquake
  • Personal reflection: public speaking
  • Mount St. Helens eruption (1980)
  • How the eruption affected the area
  • Aftermath of Mount St. Helens
  • How volcanoes are monitored
  • Body language
  • Galtür (Austria) avalanche (1999)
  • Why it was so dangerous
  • How scientists monitor avalanche risk
  • Rescue efforts after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche safety changes after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche danger color-coded scale
  • Search-and-rescue dogs
  • Lake Nyos limnic eruption (1986)
  • What the limnic eruption taught scientists
  • Tools scientists use to detect and warn of possible limnic eruptions
  • Confidence
  • Oso landslide (2014)
  • What caused the Oso landslide
  • Tools used to monitor landslides
  • LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) system
  • Aftermath of the Oso landslide
  • Forest management
  • Occupation of forester
  • Forest harvesting
  • Uses of timber
  • Reforestation
  • Armero lahar destruction (1985)
  • Mount Merapi eruption (2010)
  • Disaster relief efforts
  • July 23, 2010: Vivian hailstorm
  • Destruction of hailstorms
  • Community cleanup afterward
  • United States mail carriers
  • Changes made to the community in NYC after the Blizzard of 1888, like underground wires and underground subway system
  • January 1998 ice storm
  • Cost of the 1998 ice storm on the community: immediate and long-term impacts
  • Cleanup after an ice storm: cutting up downed trees and restoring utilities
  • Preparing for a future ice storm: fortifying infrastructure and communication, emergency plans, stocking up on essentials
  • Critical-thinking skills and the concept of being safe or sorry
  • The role of artists, photographers, writers, and musicians in sharing news and history
  • Water conservation challenge
  • Chicago heat wave (July 1995)
  • Implementing plans to avoid future heat-related catastrophes
  • Paradise, California, wildfire (November 8, 2018)
  • Rebuilding as a community after a wildfire
  • Complete self-evaluation rubric: broadcast presentation
  • Hurricane art
  • Poem illustration
  • Draw a storm
  • Create shell art
  • Design a slogan
  • Videography
  • Paint a snowy scene
  • Design and create a structure
  • Design a graphic organizer
  • Weather radar art
  • Snowflake art
  • Bake homemade bread
  • Job 37:5
  • God's design in creation
  • God's protection
  • Psalm 56:3
  • Isaiah 41:10
  • John 16:33
  • Psalm 34:4
  • Jesus calms the storm
  • Mark 4:35–41
  • Mark 4:39
  • Trusting Jesus
  • Jesus brings peace
  • Job 37
  • Consider God's work
  • Trusting God when we don't understand
  • Psalm 46:1
  • God is our shelter
  • God is present in the chaos
  • Psalm 93:4
  • Nature can be unpredictable, but God isn't
  • God is mightier than the waves
  • Isaiah 43:2
  • God is always near
  • God is our anchor
  • Evidence of the flood
  • Genesis 7:1
  • Genesis 7:19
  • Genesis 8:1
  • Genesis 9:16
  • Psalm 29:10–11
  • God is in control
  • Trusting in God's timing
  • 1 John 1:9
  • God forgives and cleanses
  • Ecclesiastes 3:1, 4
  • Matthew 7:24–27
  • Building our lives on solid ground
  • Earthquakes in the Bible
  • Matthew 27:50–51,54
  • Matthew 28:2
  • Acts 4:31
  • Psalm 104
  • God is always present
  • Psalm 121:1–2
  • God is our help
  • Psalm 139:1–2
  • Fully seen and known by God
  • 2 Timothy 1:7
  • Present Job 37:5–6
  • Psalm 40:2
  • God is with us
  • God restores
  • Isaiah 61:3
  • Beauty for ashes
  • God's presence in loss
  • Psalm 33:8
  • Stand in awe of God
  • God is bigger than any storm
  • Exodus 9:18–35
  • The seventh plague: hail
  • Isaiah 1:18
  • God washes us white as snow
  • 2 Corinthians 12
  • God doesn't always calm the storm, but He always sees us through it
  • 1 Kings 17–18
  • Exodus 15:22–18:27
  • Isaiah 58:11
  • God is near even in the driest seasons
  • Jesus is our Living Water
  • Genesis 2:7
  • Philippians 2:4
  • Be attentive to ways you can help others in need
  • Isaiah 43:2b
  • Growing for God through trials
  • Northern Hemisphere
  • Southern Hemisphere
  • Africa
  • Equator
  • Caribbean
  • US Gulf Coast
  • Gulf Shores, Alabama
  • Pensacola, Florida
  • Louisiana
  • Texas
  • Gulf of Mexico
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Philippines
  • Grenada
  • Cayman Islands
  • Kauai, Hawaii
  • Nawiliwili Bay
  • Joplin, Missouri
  • Plainfield, Illinois
  • Oswego, Illinois
  • Kendall County
  • Will County
  • Joliet, Illinois
  • Central US
  • Oklahoma
  • Kansas
  • Nebraska
  • Canada
  • Mississippi
  • Alabama
  • Label directions on a compass rose
  • South Dakota
  • Midwest
  • Ohio
  • Cedar Rapids, Iowa
  • Illinois
  • Chicago
  • Central US
  • Eastern US
  • Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  • Sri Lanka
  • India
  • Thailand
  • Japan
  • Malaysia
  • Myanmar
  • Bangladesh
  • Maldives
  • Seychelles
  • Somalia
  • Australia
  • Queensland
  • Bathurst Bay
  • Johnstown, Pennsylvania
  • Pakistan
  • Indian tectonic plate
  • Eurasian tectonic plate
  • Afghanistan
  • Kashmir
  • South Asia
  • Mapping tectonic plate boundaries
  • Cascade volcanoes
  • California
  • Oregon
  • Washington
  • British Columbia, Canada
  • Pacific Ring of Fire
  • Mount St. Helens
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Shasta
  • Newberry Volcano
  • Mount Meager
  • North Carolina
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Lake Nyos
  • Cameroon, Central Africa
  • Stillaguamish River
  • Oso, Washington
  • Hazel Landslide zone
  • Appalachian Mountains
  • Rocky Mountains
  • Pacific Coast Ranges
  • Colombia
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Merapi
  • Vivian, South Dakota
  • New York City
  • New York
  • New England
  • Southeastern Canada
  • Ontario
  • Quebec
  • Vermont
  • New Hampshire
  • Maine
  • Nova Scotia
  • Great Plains
  • Chicago
  • New York
  • How location affects heat (dry in Arizona vs. humid in New York)
  • Paradise, California
  • When and where thunderstorms occur
  • How thunderstorms form
  • Types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multi-cell, squall lines, supercells
  • What lightning is
  • How lightning forms
  • Energy in lightning
  • Types of lightning: sheet/intra-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-ground, forked, rare lightning
  • Early experiment to prove connection between lightning and electricity
  • Hurricane
  • Cyclone
  • Typhoon
  • Tropical cyclones
  • How hurricanes are formed
  • Coriolis effect
  • Hurricane features
  • Hurricane category and scale
  • The parts of a hurricane
  • Hurricanes on a radar
  • Tornado
  • How tornadoes form
  • Conservation of angular momentum
  • Tornado dissipation stage
  • Radar-indicated tornadoes
  • Parts of a tornado on radar
  • Rear-inflow jet
  • What is a derecho
  • When and where derechos usually occur
  • Mesoscale convection system
  • Bow echo
  • How derechos form
  • What classifies as a derecho
  • What is a microburst
  • Anemometers
  • Weather-related terms: Lessons 1–4
  • Tsunamis
  • Difference between tsunamis and regular waves
  • How tsunamis form
  • Trough and crest of a wave
  • Shoaling
  • How the shape of the coastline affects tsunamis
  • How earthquakes cause tsunamis
  • Landslides trigger tsunamis
  • Volcanoes cause tsunamis
  • Meteotsunamis
  • Demonstrate tsunami waves
  • Storm surge
  • How storm surges form
  • The impact storm surges have
  • How scientists classify storm surges
  • Other factors that contribute to storm-surge severity
  • Hurricane Charley and Hurricane Ian comparison
  • Why storm surges are dangerous
  • Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH)
  • How SLOSH works
  • Saltwater effects on plants
  • River floods
  • What causes river floods
  • Flash floods
  • What causes flash floods
  • Flash flood destruction
  • Water absorption experiment
  • Technology of green screens
  • Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOFs)
  • What forms glacial lakes
  • What causes GLOFs
  • What makes natural dams
  • Moraine-dammed lake
  • Bedrock-dammed lake
  • Landslide-dammed lake
  • Subglacial lake
  • Supraglacial lake
  • How GLOFs are monitored
  • How to help prevent GLOFs
  • Surface tension
  • Weather-related terms: Lessons 5–8
  • Earth's crust
  • Tectonic plates
  • Earthquakes
  • Faults
  • Seismic waves
  • Hypocenter
  • Epicenter
  • Foreshocks and aftershocks
  • How faults move
  • Types of faults
  • How earthquakes are measured
  • Moment Magnitude Scale
  • Seismometers
  • How earthquake intensity is measured
  • Types of plate boundaries
  • Pyroclastic flows
  • Lahars
  • Volcanoes
  • Magma
  • How volcanoes erupt
  • Volcanic ash
  • Vent
  • Pipe
  • Cone
  • Magma chamber
  • Magma system
  • Lava
  • Types of volcanoes
  • Cinder cone
  • Composite volcano (stratovolcano)
  • Shield volcano
  • Lava dome
  • Volcano demonstration: explosive gases
  • Avalanches
  • What a snowpack is
  • What causes avalanches
  • Types of avalanches
  • Avalanches on Mars
  • Avalanche warning signs
  • Speed-and-slope ramp experiment
  • What crater lakes are and how they are formed
  • Meromictic lakes
  • Carbon dioxide in meromictic lakes
  • Hypolimnion
  • Epilimnion
  • How limnic eruptions occur
  • What carbon dioxide is
  • How carbon dioxide affects living things
  • Lake degassing systems and how they work
  • Carbon dioxide sensors
  • Gas exchange in our bodies
  • How the lungs work
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Role of carbon dioxide in baking
  • Natural disaster related terms: Lessons 9–12
  • Landslides
  • What causes landslides
  • Debris flows
  • What causes debris flows
  • Types of landslides and debris flows
  • Where landslides are common
  • Landslide warning signs
  • Data collection: local weather
  • Weather instrument: rain gauge
  • Volcanic mudflows (lahars)
  • Nevado del Ruiz volcano
  • Hot and cold lahars
  • How lahars are tracked
  • Lahar alarms
  • Technology used to detect lahars: ground vibration systems, rainfall monitors, and acoustic flow detectors
  • Predictive modeling: how scientists determine the path or speed of a lahars
  • Calculate speed, distance, and time
  • Investigate things that increase or decrease speed
  • Hailstorm weather conditions
  • Measuring hail by diameter
  • How hail forms
  • Three requirements for hail formation: moisture, freezing temperatures, updrafts
  • Predicting hail with dual-polarization radar, Hydrometeor Classification Algorithm (HCA), Maximum Estimated Hail Size (MESH)
  • Largest hailstone ever was 8 inches across and weighed 2 pounds
  • Cloudy vs. clear ice formation
  • Precipitation on radar
  • Life cycle of a snowflake
  • Shapes of snowflakes
  • Differentiating between snowstorms, blizzards, and whiteouts
  • Properties of snow: warm, reflective, used for building
  • Dry vs. wet snow
  • The sound changes in snowy places
  • Forecasting snow advisories
  • Use data to create a weather forecast
  • Natural-disaster-related terms: Lessons 13–16
  • Ice storms: what are they and how they form
  • Supercooled water experiment
  • El Niño
  • Other forms of frozen precipitation: freezing rain, sleet, snow, frost
  • Forecasting ice storms with Doppler radar, weather balloons, satellite images
  • Issuing an ice storm warning when expected glaze is >0.25 inches
  • Hidden dangers of an ice storm: black ice, heavy icicles, generator risks
  • Supercooled water experiment
  • How farming practices contributed to the Dust Bowl
  • Dust pneumonia
  • What happens when rain disappears
  • Tracking droughts
  • Types of droughts: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, socioeconomic, ecological
  • Long-term effects of droughts in different environments: forests, urban areas, etc.
  • Efficient irrigation
  • Heat waves: what they are and their hazards
  • How heat waves form
  • Jet streams
  • Atmospheric blocking and high-pressure systems
  • Heat domes
  • How sweat cools you
  • Signs of heat exhaustion
  • Urban heat island effect
  • Differences between dry heat and humid heat
  • Thermoregulation
  • Common temperatures: Fahrenheit and Celsius
  • Wildfires
  • Conditions that fuel wildfires and the wildland-urban interface
  • Fire behaviors and the fire triangle
  • Types of fires: ground, surface, crown
  • Tracking the spread of and containment of wildfires
  • The contributions of weather and landscape to wildfires
  • Fuel moisture
  • Fire Weather Index
  • Controlling and putting out wildfires
  • Natural-disaster-related terms: Lessons 17–20
  • Vocabulary: condense, transformer
  • Answer comprehension questions about thunderstorms with information from the lesson
  • Weather reports: studio reporting
  • Write a journal entry from Benjamin Franklin's perspective
  • Vocabulary: relentless, intensification
  • Answer comprehension questions about hurricanes with information from the lesson
  • Write the terms to label parts of a hurricane
  • Weather reports: radio reporting
  • Vocabulary: eerily, torrential
  • Answer comprehension questions about tornadoes with information from the lesson
  • Weather reports: podcast reporting
  • Pros and cons of podcast reporting
  • Poetry study: "Resolution and Independence"
  • Vocabulary: debris, coordinate
  • Answer comprehension questions about windstorms with information from the lesson
  • Weather reports: on-location reporting
  • Review of weather terms in Lessons 1–4
  • Vocabulary: tremor, safeguard
  • Answer comprehension questions about tsunamis with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: intersect, conservative
  • Answer comprehension questions about storm surges and coastal flooding with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: alter, saturated
  • Answer comprehension questions about river and flash flooding with information from the lesson
  • Write a slogan
  • Vocabulary: retreating, sediment
  • Answer comprehension questions about GLOFs with information from the lesson
  • Review of weather terms in Lessons 5–8
  • Vocabulary: fracture, seismic
  • Answer comprehension questions about earthquakes with information from the lesson
  • Public speaking
  • Creative writing: earthquakes
  • Vocabulary: molten, incinerate
  • Answer comprehension questions about volcanic eruptions with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: texture, informed
  • Answer comprehension questions about avalanches with information from the lesson
  • Public speaking: speech skills
  • Vocabulary: displace, depression
  • Answer comprehension questions about limnic eruptions with information from the lesson
  • Apply public-speaking skills to presentation
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 9–12
  • Vocabulary: anchor, reconstruct
  • Answer comprehension questions about landslides with information from the lesson
  • Vocabulary: acoustic, reassurance
  • Answer comprehension questions about lahars with information from the lesson
  • Use of a graphic organizer
  • Figure of speech: personification
  • Vocabulary: puncture, pulley
  • Answer comprehension questions about hailstorms with information from the lesson
  • Write a letter
  • Vocabulary: muffle, era
  • Answer comprehension questions about snowstorms with information from the lesson
  • Create a final draft of a weather forecast graphic
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 13–16
  • Vocabulary: hazard, impassable
  • Answer comprehension questions about ice storms with information from the lesson
  • Unit project: plan your broadcast
  • Vocabulary: blot out, retain
  • Answer comprehension questions about droughts with information from the lesson
  • Label the different types of droughts
  • Write a script
  • Vocabulary: sputter, stalled
  • Answer comprehension questions about heat waves with information from the lesson
  • Practice final project presentation
  • Vocabulary: ember, tranquil
  • Present unit project: broadcast presentation
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 17–20
  • Pan Am Flight 214 lightning strike
  • Changes to plane safety during storms
  • Benjamin Franklin: lightning experiment
  • Galveston hurricane (1900)
  • Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale
  • Herbert Saffir
  • Robert Simpson
  • Timeline of National Weather Service
  • History of anemometers
  • Lituya Bay, Alaska tsunami (1958)
  • Krakatoa volcano (1883)
  • Use of pearl shells in Indigenous art
  • Johnstown Flood (1889)
  • South Fork Dam failure
  • Problems with the South Fork Dam
  • Aftermath of the Johnstown Flood
  • Clara Barton
  • American Red Cross' first major peacetime disaster relief effort
  • How Johnstown helped change US liability laws
  • How Johnstown affected dam safety rules
  • History of flood insurance
  • Lake Palcacocha GLOF (1941)
  • Significant events with earthquakes
  • Mount Vesuvius eruption (AD 79)
  • Ancient city of Pompeii
  • Barry, the avalanche rescue dog
  • Herodotus: Greek historian
  • Timeline of the United States mail carriers
  • Great Blizzard of 1888: impact, snow totals, lessons learned
  • Mark Twain
  • William Steinway
  • P.T. Barnum
  • Wilson "Snowflake" Bentley
  • Drought in the 1930s
  • Black blizzards
  • Dust Bowl
  • April 14, 1935: Black Sunday
  • Soil Conservation Service: created to train farmers in new practices
  • Heat wave and the Dust Bowl (Summer 1936)
  • Timeline of the history of air conditioning
  • Apply the formula to estimate speed of a lahar
  • Converting common temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius
  • Occupation of meteorologist
  • Hurricane Ivan (2004)
  • Hurricane Ivan costs, destruction, and damage
  • Cyclone Freddy (2023)
  • Hurricane Sandy (2012)
  • Hurricane Beryl (2024)
  • Tropical Storm Julia
  • Hurricane Alice
  • How hurricanes are named
  • World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
  • Hurricane Katrina (2005)
  • Hurricane Ivan aftermath and recovery
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
  • Hurricane Iniki (1992)
  • Occupation of radio reporter
  • Weather radios
  • Compare radio and studio reporting
  • Jimmy Carter
  • Emergency preparedness
  • Joplin tornado (2011)
  • Plainfield tornado (1990)
  • Why the Plainfield tornado was so bad
  • Forecasting tornadoes
  • Tornado watch
  • Tornado warning
  • Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF)
  • Tornado damage rating
  • Plainfield recovery
  • Changes to tornado tracking and radar systems
  • Tornado Alley
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
  • Occupation of podcast reporter
  • National Weather Service (NWS)
  • Midwest derecho (2020)
  • Crash of Delta Flight 191 (1985)
  • President Ronald Reagan experienced microbust in 1983
  • How Cedar Rapids rebuilt
  • Prepare, Act, Communicate, Train (P.A.C.T.)
  • ReLeaf Cedar Rapids
  • Occupation of on-location reporters
  • Disaster-relief funding
  • Indian Ocean tsunami (2004)
  • Japan one of is the most tsunami-prone countries
  • Japan invests in high-tech tsunami alerts and seawalls
  • Aftermath of Indian Ocean tsunami
  • Relief efforts and organizations like World Vision
  • Establishment of Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System
  • News studios
  • Immediate needs vs. wants
  • Occupation of news anchor
  • Flash flood safety
  • Pennsylvania's Dam Safety and Encroachments Act of 1978
  • Use of green screens in media
  • Flood insurance
  • Occupation of presenter
  • Occupation of camera operator
  • Handling emotions
  • Earthquake in Kashmir (2005)
  • How the earthquake affected the region
  • What made it so tragic
  • Aftermath of the Kashmir earthquake
  • Personal reflection: public speaking
  • Mount St. Helens eruption (1980)
  • How the eruption affected the area
  • Aftermath of Mount St. Helens
  • How volcanoes are monitored
  • Body language
  • Galtür (Austria) avalanche (1999)
  • Why it was so dangerous
  • How scientists monitor avalanche risk
  • Rescue efforts after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche safety changes after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche danger color-coded scale
  • Search-and-rescue dogs
  • Lake Nyos limnic eruption (1986)
  • What the limnic eruption taught scientists
  • Tools scientists use to detect and warn of possible limnic eruptions
  • Confidence
  • Oso landslide (2014)
  • What caused the Oso landslide
  • Tools used to monitor landslides
  • LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) system
  • Aftermath of Oso landslide
  • Forest management
  • Occupation of forester
  • Forest harvesting
  • Uses of timber
  • Conservation and preservation
  • Reforestation
  • Armero lahar destruction (1985)
  • Mount Merapi eruption (2010)
  • Disaster relief efforts
  • July 23, 2010: Vivian hailstorm
  • Destruction of hailstorms
  • Community cleanup afterward
  • United States mail carriers
  • Changes made to the community in NYC after the Blizzard of 1888, like underground wires and underground subway system
  • January 1998 ice storm
  • Cost of the 1998 ice storm on the community: immediate and long-term impacts
  • Cleanup after an ice storm: cutting up downed trees and restoring utilities
  • Preparing for a future ice storm: fortifying infrastructure and communication, emergency plans, stocking up on essentials
  • Critical-thinking skills and the concept of being safe or sorry
  • The role of artists, photographers, writers, and musicians in sharing news and history
  • Water conservation challenge
  • Chicago heat wave (July 1995)
  • Implementing plans to avoid future heat-related catastrophes
  • Paradise, California, wildfire (November 8, 2018)
  • Rebuilding as a community after a wildfire
  • Complete self-evaluation rubric: broadcast presentation
  • Hurricane art
  • Create shell art
  • Design a slogan and make a commercial
  • Videography
  • Paint a snowy scene
  • Design and create a structure
  • Design a graphic organizer
  • Weather radar art
  • Snowflake art
  • Photomicrograph art
  • Bake homemade bread
  • Job 37:5
  • God's design in creation
  • God's protection
  • Psalm 56:3
  • Isaiah 41:10
  • John 16:33
  • Psalm 34:4
  • Jesus calms the storm
  • Mark 4:35–41
  • Mark 4:39
  • Trusting Jesus
  • Jesus brings peace
  • Job 37
  • Consider God's work
  • Trusting God when we don't understand
  • Psalm 46:1
  • God is our shelter
  • God is present in the chaos
  • Psalm 93:4
  • Nature can be unpredictable, but God isn't
  • God is mightier than the waves
  • Isaiah 43:2
  • God is always near
  • God is our anchor
  • Evidence of the flood
  • Genesis 7:1
  • Genesis 7:19
  • Genesis 8:1
  • Genesis 9:16
  • Psalm 29:10–11
  • God is in control
  • Trusting in God's timing
  • 1 John 1:9
  • God forgives and cleanses
  • Ecclesiastes 3:1, 4
  • Matthew 7:24–27
  • Building our lives on solid ground
  • Earthquakes in the Bible
  • Matthew 27:50–51,54
  • Matthew 28:2
  • Acts 4:31
  • Psalm 104
  • God is always present
  • Psalm 121:1–2
  • God is our help
  • Psalm 139:1–2
  • Fully seen and known by God
  • 2 Timothy 1:7
  • Present Job 37:5–9
  • Psalm 40:2
  • God is with us
  • God restores
  • Isaiah 61:3
  • Beauty for ashes
  • God's presence in loss
  • Psalm 33:8
  • Stand in awe of God
  • God is bigger than any storm
  • Exodus 9:18–35
  • The seventh plague: hail
  • Isaiah 1:18
  • God washes us white as snow
  • 2 Corinthians 12
  • God doesn't always calm the storm, but He always sees us through it
  • 1 Kings 17–18
  • Exodus 15:22–18:27
  • Isaiah 58:11
  • God is near even in the driest seasons
  • Jesus is our Living Water
  • Genesis 2:7
  • Philippians 2:4
  • Be attentive to ways you can help others in need
  • Isaiah 43:2b
  • Growing for God through trials
  • Northern Hemisphere
  • Southern Hemisphere
  • Africa
  • Equator
  • Caribbean
  • US Gulf Coast
  • Gulf Shores, Alabama
  • Pensacola, Florida
  • Louisiana
  • Texas
  • Gulf of Mexico
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Philippines
  • Grenada
  • Cayman Islands
  • Kauai, Hawaii
  • Nawiliwili Bay
  • Arctic Ocean
  • Southern Ocean
  • Asia
  • Joplin, Missouri
  • Plainfield, Illinois
  • Oswego, Illinois
  • Kendall County
  • Will County
  • Joliet, Illinois
  • Central US
  • Oklahoma
  • Kansas
  • Nebraska
  • Canada
  • Mississippi
  • Alabama
  • The Great Lakes
  • Cardinal directions
  • Map your own area
  • South Dakota
  • Midwest
  • Ohio
  • Cedar Rapids, Iowa
  • Illinois
  • Chicago
  • Central US
  • Eastern US
  • Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  • Sri Lanka
  • India
  • Thailand
  • Japan
  • Malaysia
  • Myanmar
  • Bangladesh
  • Maldives
  • Seychelles
  • Somalia
  • Australia
  • Queensland
  • Bathurst Bay
  • Johnstown, Pennsylvania
  • Pakistan
  • Indian tectonic plate
  • Eurasian tectonic plate
  • Afghanistan
  • Kashmir
  • South Asia
  • Mapping tectonic plate boundaries
  • Cascade volcanoes
  • California
  • Oregon
  • Washington
  • British Columbia, Canada
  • Pacific Ring of Fire
  • North Carolina
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Mount St. Helens
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Shasta
  • Newberry Volcano
  • Mount Meager
  • Mount Adams
  • Mound Hood
  • Mount Baker
  • Mount Garibaldi
  • Glacier Peak
  • Mount Jefferson
  • Three Sisters
  • Crater Lake
  • Medicine Lake Volcano
  • Lassen Peak
  • Lake Nyos
  • Cameroon, Central Africa
  • Stillaguamish River
  • Oso, Washington
  • Hazel Landslide zone
  • Appalachian Mountains
  • Rocky Mountains
  • Pacific Coast Ranges
  • Alaska Range
  • United States
  • Mexico
  • Colombia
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Merapi
  • Chile
  • Argentina
  • Alaska
  • Gulf of Alaska
  • Bering Sea
  • Vivian, South Dakota
  • New York City
  • New York
  • New England
  • Southeastern Canada
  • Ontario
  • Quebec
  • Vermont
  • New Hampshire
  • Maine
  • Nova Scotia
  • Great Plains
  • Chicago
  • New York
  • How location affects heat (dry in Arizona vs. humid in New York)
  • Paradise, California
  • When and where thunderstorms occur
  • How thunderstorms form
  • Types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multi-cell, squall lines, supercells
  • What lightning is
  • How lightning forms
  • Energy in lightning
  • Types of lightning: sheet/intra-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-ground, forked, rare lightning
  • How lightning rods work
  • Early experiment to prove connection between lightning and electricity
  • Hurricane
  • Cyclone
  • Typhoon
  • Tropical cyclones
  • How hurricanes are formed
  • Coriolis effect
  • Hurricane features
  • Hurricane category and scale
  • Hurricanes on a radar
  • Tornado
  • How tornadoes form
  • Conservation of angular momentum
  • Tornado dissipation stage
  • Radar-indicated tornadoes
  • Parts of a tornado on radar
  • Precipitation on radar
  • Rear-inflow jet
  • What is a derecho
  • When and where derechos usually occur
  • Mesoscale convection system
  • Bow echo
  • How derechos form
  • What classifies as a derecho
  • What is a microburst
  • Anemometers
  • Weather-related terms: Lessons 1–4
  • Tsunamis
  • Difference between tsunamis and regular waves
  • How tsunamis form
  • Trough and crest of a wave
  • Shoaling
  • How the shape of the coastline affects tsunamis
  • How earthquakes cause tsunamis
  • Landslides trigger tsunamis
  • Volcanoes cause tsunamis
  • Meteotsunamis
  • Demonstrate tsunami waves
  • Storm surge
  • How storm surges form
  • The impact storm surges have
  • How scientists classify storm surges
  • Other factors that contribute to storm-surge severity
  • Hurricane Charley and Hurricane Ian comparison
  • Why storm surges are dangerous
  • Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH)
  • How SLOSH works
  • Saltwater effects on plants
  • River floods
  • What causes river floods
  • Flash floods
  • What causes flash floods
  • Flash flood destruction
  • Water absorption experiment
  • Technology of green screens
  • Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOFs)
  • What forms glacial lakes
  • What causes GLOFs
  • What makes natural dams
  • Moraine-dammed lake
  • Bedrock-dammed lake
  • Landslide-dammed lake
  • Subglacial lake
  • Supraglacial lake
  • How GLOFs are monitored
  • How to help prevent GLOFs
  • Surface tension
  • Weather-related terms: Lessons 5–8
  • Earth's crust
  • Tectonic plates
  • Earthquakes
  • Faults
  • Seismic waves
  • Hypocenter
  • Epicenter
  • Foreshocks and aftershocks
  • How faults move
  • Types of faults
  • How earthquakes are measured
  • Moment Magnitude Scale
  • Seismometers
  • How earthquake intensity is measured
  • Types of plate boundaries
  • Pyroclastic flows
  • Lahars
  • Volcanoes
  • Magma
  • How volcanoes erupt
  • Volcanic ash
  • Vent
  • Pipe
  • Cone
  • Magma chamber
  • Magma system
  • Types of magma
  • Lava
  • Types of volcanoes
  • Cinder cone
  • Composite volcano (stratovolcano)
  • Shield volcano
  • Lava dome
  • Volcano demonstration: explosive gases
  • pH scale: acids and bases
  • Avalanches
  • What a snowpack is
  • What causes avalanches
  • Types of avalanches
  • Avalanches on Mars
  • Avalanche warning signs
  • Speed-and-slope ramp experiment
  • What crater lakes are and how they are formed
  • Meromictic lakes
  • Carbon dioxide in meromictic lakes
  • Hypolimnion
  • Epilimnion
  • How limnic eruptions occur
  • What carbon dioxide is
  • How carbon dioxide affects living things
  • Effects of too much carbon dioxide
  • Lake degassing systems and how they work
  • Carbon dioxide sensors
  • Gas exchange in our bodies
  • How the lungs work
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Role of carbon dioxide in baking
  • Natural disaster related terms: Lessons 9–12
  • Landslides
  • What causes landslides
  • Debris flows
  • What causes debris flows
  • Types of landslides and debris flows
  • Where landslides are common
  • Landslide warning signs
  • Data collection: local weather
  • Weather instrument: rain gauge
  • Volcanic mudflows (lahars)
  • Nevado del Ruiz volcano
  • Hot and cold lahars
  • How lahars are tracked
  • Lahar alarms
  • Technology used to detect lahars: ground vibration systems, rainfall monitors, and acoustic flow detectors
  • Predictive modeling: how scientists determine the path or speed of a lahars
  • Calculate speed, distance, and time
  • Investigate things that increase or decrease speed
  • Hailstorm weather conditions
  • Measuring hail by diameter
  • How hail forms
  • Three requirements for hail formation: moisture, freezing temperatures, updrafts
  • Predicting hail with dual-polarization radar, Hydrometeor Classification Algorithm (HCA), Maximum Estimated Hail Size (MESH)
  • Largest hailstone ever was 8 inches across and weighed 2 pounds
  • Cloudy vs. clear ice formation
  • How a weather radar works
  • Precipitation on radar
  • Life cycle of a snowflake
  • Shapes of snowflakes
  • Differentiating between snowstorms, blizzards, and whiteouts
  • Properties of snow: warm, reflective, used for building
  • Dry vs. wet snow
  • The sound changes in snowy places
  • Forecasting snow advisories
  • Use data to create a weather forecast
  • Natural-disaster-related terms: Lessons 13–16
  • Ice storms: what are they and how they form
  • El Niño
  • Other forms of frozen precipitation: freezing rain, sleet, snow, frost
  • Forecasting ice storms with Doppler radar, weather balloons, satellite images
  • Issuing an ice storm warning when expected glaze is >0.25 inches
  • Hidden dangers of an ice storm: black ice, heavy icicles, generator risks
  • Supercooled water experiment
  • How farming practices contributed to the Dust Bowl
  • Dust pneumonia
  • What happens when rain disappears
  • Tracking droughts
  • Types of droughts: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, socioeconomic, ecological
  • Long-term effects of droughts in different environments: forests, urban areas, etc.
  • Efficient irrigation
  • Heat waves: what they are and their hazards
  • How heat waves form
  • Jet streams
  • Atmospheric blocking and high-pressure systems
  • Heat domes
  • How sweat cools you
  • Signs of heat exhaustion
  • Urban heat island effect
  • Differences between dry heat and humid heat
  • Thermoregulation
  • Differences between heat exhaustion and heatstroke
  • Common temperatures: Fahrenheit and Celsius
  • Wildfires
  • Conditions that fuel wildfires and the wildland-urban interface
  • Fire behaviors and the fire triangle
  • Types of fires: ground, surface, crown
  • Tracking the spread of and containment of wildfires
  • The contribution of weather and landscape to wildfires
  • Fuel moisture
  • Fire Weather Index
  • Controlling and putting out wildfires
  • Natural-disaster-related terms: Lessons 17–20
  • Vocabulary: transformer, tension
  • Listening comprehension: thunderstorms
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about thunderstorms
  • Write about a type of storm experienced
  • Weather reports: studio reporting
  • Write a journal entry from Benjamin Franklin's perspective
  • Vocabulary: intensification, reinforce
  • Listening comprehension: hurricanes
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about hurricanes
  • Weather reports: radio reporting
  • Vocabulary: torrential, guttural
  • Listening comprehension: tornadoes
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about tornadoes
  • Weather reports: podcast reporting
  • Poetry study: "Resolution and Independence"
  • Write a poem about a storm
  • Vocabulary: coordinate, catastrophic
  • Listening comprehension: windstorms
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about windstorms
  • Weather reports: on-location reporting
  • Review of weather terms in Lessons 1–4
  • Vocabulary: safeguard, amplify
  • Listening comprehension: tsunamis
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about tsunamis
  • Vocabulary:conservative, topography
  • Listening comprehension: storm surges and coastal flooding
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about storm surges and coastal flooding
  • Vocabulary: saturated, integrity
  • Listening comprehension: river and flash flooding
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about river and flash flooding
  • Write a slogan
  • Vocabulary: sediment, accelerate
  • Listening comprehension: glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs)
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about GLOFs
  • Review of weather terms from lessons 5–8
  • Vocabulary: seismic, magnitude
  • Listening comprehension: earthquakes
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about earthquakes
  • Public speaking
  • Creative writing: earthquakes
  • Vocabulary: incinerate, viscosity
  • Listening comprehension: volcanic eruptions
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about volcanic eruptions
  • Vocabulary: informed, prone
  • Listening comprehension: avalanches
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about avalanches
  • Public speaking: speech skills
  • Vocabulary: depression, disorientation
  • Listening comprehension: limnic eruptions
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about limnic eruptions
  • Apply public-speaking skills to presentation
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 9–12
  • Vocabulary: reconstruct, slurry
  • Listening comprehension: landslides
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about landslides
  • Vocabulary: reassurance, torrent
  • Listening comprehension: lahars
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about lahars
  • Use of a graphic organizer
  • Figures of speech: personification, simile, metaphor
  • Vocabulary: pulley, diameter
  • Listening comprehension: hailstorms
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about hailstorms
  • Write a letter
  • Vocabulary: era, mogul
  • Listening comprehension: snowstorms
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about snowstorms
  • Create a final draft of a weather forecast graphic
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 13–16
  • Vocabulary: impassable, simulation
  • Listening comprehension: ice storms
  • Use guided notes to write a summary about ice storms
  • Unit project: plan your broadcast
  • Vocabulary: retain, fallow
  • Listening comprehension: droughts
  • Use guided notes to write a summary about droughts
  • Write a script
  • Vocabulary: stalled, compress
  • Listening comprehension: heat waves
  • Use guided notes to write a summary about heat waves
  • Practice final project presentation
  • Vocabulary: tranquil, smolder
  • Present unit project: broadcast presentation
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 17–20
  • Pan Am Flight 214 lightning strike
  • Changes to plane safety during storms
  • Benjamin Franklin: lightning experiment
  • Galveston hurricane (1900)
  • Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale
  • Herbert Saffir
  • Robert Simpson
  • Timeline of National Weather Service
  • History of anemometers
  • Lituya Bay, Alaska tsunami (1958)
  • Krakatoa volcano (1883)
  • Use of pearl shells in Indigenous art
  • Johnstown Flood (1889)
  • South Fork Dam failure
  • Problems with the South Fork Dam
  • Aftermath of the Johnstown Flood
  • Clara Barton
  • American Red Cross' first major peacetime disaster relief effort
  • How Johnstown helped change US liability laws
  • How Johnstown affected dam safety rules
  • History of flood insurance
  • Formula to find wind speed using anemometer
  • Use the formula to calculate speed
  • Apply the formula to estimate speed of a lahar
  • Converting common temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius and vice versa
  • Occupation of meteorologist
  • Hurricane Ivan (2004)
  • Hurricane Ivan costs, destruction, and damage
  • Cyclone Freddy (2023)
  • Hurricane Sandy (2012)
  • Hurricane Beryl (2024)
  • Tropical Storm Julia
  • Hurricane Alice
  • How hurricanes are named
  • World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
  • Hurricane Katrina (2005)
  • Hurricane Ivan aftermath and recovery
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
  • Hurricane Iniki (1992)
  • Occupation of radio reporter
  • Weather radios
  • Compare radio and studio reporting
  • Jimmy Carter
  • Emergency preparedness
  • Joplin tornado (2011)
  • Plainfield tornado (1990)
  • Why the Plainfield tornado was so bad
  • Forecasting tornadoes
  • Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF)
  • Tornado damage rating
  • Plainfield recovery
  • Changes to tornado tracking and radar systems
  • Tornado Alley
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
  • Occupation of podcast reporter
  • National Weather Service (NWS)
  • Midwest derecho (2020)
  • Crash of Delta Flight 191 (1985)
  • President Ronald Reagan experienced microbust in 1983
  • How Cedar Rapids rebuilt
  • Prepare, Act, Communicate, Train (P.A.C.T.)
  • ReLeaf Cedar Rapids
  • Occupation of on-location reporters
  • Disaster-relief funding
  • Indian Ocean tsunami (2004)
  • Japan is one of the most tsunami-prone countries
  • Japan invests in high-tech tsunami alerts and seawalls
  • Aftermath of Indian Ocean tsunami
  • Relief efforts and organizations like World Vision
  • Establishment of Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System
  • New studios
  • Plan relief efforts
  • Occupation of news anchor
  • Flash flood safety
  • Pennsylvania's Dam Safety and Encroachments Act of 1978
  • Use of green screens in media
  • Flood insurance
  • Occupation of presenter
  • Occupation of camera operator
  • Handling emotions
  • Earthquake in Kashmir (2005)
  • How the earthquake affected the region
  • What made it so tragic
  • Aftermath of the Kashmir earthquake
  • Personal reflection: public speaking
  • Mount St. Helens eruption (1980)
  • How the eruption affected the area
  • Aftermath of Mount St. Helens
  • How volcanoes are monitored
  • Body language
  • Galtür (Austria) avalanche (1999)
  • Why it was so dangerous
  • How scientists monitor avalanche risk
  • Rescue efforts after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche safety changes after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche danger color-coded scale
  • Search-and-rescue dogs
  • Lake Nyos limnic eruption (1986)
  • What the limnic eruption taught scientists
  • Tools scientists use to detect and warn of possible limnic eruptions
  • Confidence
  • Oso landslide (2014)
  • What caused the Oso landslide
  • Tools used to monitor landslides
  • LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) system
  • Aftermath of Oso landslide
  • Forest management
  • Occupation of forester
  • Forest harvesting
  • Uses of timber
  • Conservation and preservation
  • Reforestation
  • Armero lahar destruction (1985)
  • Mount Merapi eruption (2010)
  • Disaster relief efforts
  • July 23, 2010: Vivian hailstorm
  • Destruction of hailstorms
  • Community cleanup afterward
  • United States mail carriers
  • Changes made to the community in NYC after the Blizzard of 1888, like underground wires and underground subway system
  • January 1998 ice storm
  • Cost of the 1998 ice storm on the community: immediate and long-term impacts
  • Cleanup after an ice storm: cutting up downed trees and restoring utilities
  • Preparing for a future ice storm: fortifying infrastructure and communication, emergency plans, stocking up on essentials
  • Critical-thinking skills and the concept of being safe or sorry
  • The role of artists, photographers, writers, and musicians in sharing news and history
  • Water conservation challenge
  • Chicago heat wave (July 1995)
  • Implementing plans to avoid future heat-related catastrophes
  • Paradise, California, wildfire (November 8, 2018)
  • Rebuilding as a community after a wildfire
  • Complete self-evaluation rubric: broadcast presentation
  • Hurricane art
  • Create shell art
  • Design a slogan and make a commercial
  • Videography
  • Create a stop-motion movie
  • Paint a snowy scene
  • Design and create a structure
  • Architecture terms
  • Design a graphic organizer
  • Weather radar art
  • Photomicrograph art
  • Bake homemade bread
  • Job 37:5
  • God's design in creation
  • God's protection
  • Isaiah 26:3
  • Psalm 56:3
  • Isaiah 41:10
  • John 16:33
  • Psalm 34:4
  • Jesus calms the storm
  • Mark 4:35–41
  • Mark 4:39
  • Trusting Jesus
  • Jesus brings peace
  • Job 37
  • Consider God's work
  • Trusting God when we don't understand
  • Psalm 46:1
  • God is our shelter
  • God is present in the chaos
  • Psalm 93:4
  • Nature can be unpredictable, but God isn't
  • God is mightier than the waves
  • Isaiah 43:2
  • God is always near
  • God is our anchor
  • Evidence of the flood
  • Genesis 7:1
  • Genesis 7:19
  • Genesis 8:1
  • Genesis 9:16
  • Psalm 29:10–11
  • God is in control
  • Trusting in God's timing
  • 1 John 1:9
  • God forgives and cleanses
  • Ecclesiastes 3:1–8
  • Psalm 119:76
  • Matthew 7:24–27
  • Building our lives on solid ground
  • Earthquakes in the Bible
  • Matthew 27:50–51,54
  • Matthew 28:2
  • Acts 4:31
  • Psalm 104
  • God is always present
  • Psalm 121:1–2
  • God is our help
  • Psalm 139:1–2
  • Fully seen and known by God
  • 2 Timothy 1:7
  • Present Job 37:5–9
  • Psalm 40:2
  • God is with us
  • God restores
  • Isaiah 61:3
  • Beauty for ashes
  • God's presence in loss
  • Psalm 33:8
  • Stand in awe of God
  • God is bigger than any storm
  • Exodus 9:18–35
  • The seventh plague: hail
  • Isaiah 1:18
  • God washes us white as snow
  • 2 Corinthians 12
  • God doesn't always calm the storm, but He always sees us through it
  • 1 Kings 17–18
  • Exodus 15:22–18:27
  • Isaiah 58:11
  • God is near even in the driest seasons
  • Jesus is our Living Water
  • Genesis 2:7
  • Philippians 2:4
  • Be attentive to ways you can help others in need
  • Isaiah 43:2b
  • Growing for God through trials
  • Northern Hemisphere
  • Southern Hemisphere
  • Africa
  • Equator
  • Caribbean
  • US Gulf Coast
  • Gulf Shores, Alabama
  • Pensacola, Florida
  • Louisiana
  • Texas
  • Gulf of Mexico
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Philippines
  • Grenada
  • Cayman Islands
  • Kauai, Hawaii
  • Nawiliwili Bay
  • Arctic Ocean
  • Southern Ocean
  • Asia
  • Joplin, Missouri
  • Plainfield, Illinois
  • Oswego, Illinois
  • Kendall County
  • Will County
  • Joliet, Illinois
  • Central US
  • Oklahoma
  • Kansas
  • Nebraska
  • Canada
  • Mississippi
  • Alabama
  • The Great Lakes
  • Cardinal directions
  • Map your own area
  • South Dakota
  • Midwest
  • Ohio
  • Cedar Rapids, Iowa
  • Illinois
  • Chicago
  • Central US
  • Eastern US
  • Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  • Sri Lanka
  • India
  • Thailand
  • Japan
  • Malaysia
  • Myanmar
  • Bangladesh
  • Maldives
  • Seychelles
  • Somalia
  • Australia
  • Queensland
  • Bathurst Bay
  • Johnstown, Pennsylvania
  • Pakistan
  • Indian tectonic plate
  • Eurasian tectonic plate
  • Afghanistan
  • Kashmir
  • South Asia
  • Mapping tectonic plate boundaries
  • Cascade volcanoes
  • California
  • Oregon
  • Washington
  • British Columbia, Canada
  • Pacific Ring of Fire
  • North Carolina
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Mount St. Helens
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Shasta
  • Newberry Volcano
  • Mount Meager
  • Mount Adams
  • Mound Hood
  • Mount Baker
  • Mount Garibaldi
  • Glacier Peak
  • Mount Jefferson
  • Three Sisters
  • Crater Lake
  • Medicine Lake Volcano
  • Lassen Peak
  • North America
  • South America
  • Asia
  • Oceania
  • Lake Nyos
  • Cameroon, Central Africa
  • Stillaguamish River
  • Oso, Washington
  • Hazel Landslide zone
  • Appalachian Mountains
  • Rocky Mountains
  • Pacific Coast Ranges
  • Alaska Range
  • Brooks Range
  • Cascade Range
  • Sierra Madres
  • United States
  • Mexico
  • Colombia
  • Mount Rainier
  • Mount Merapi
  • Chile
  • Argentina
  • Alaska
  • Gulf of Alaska
  • Bering Sea
  • Vivian, South Dakota
  • New York City
  • New York
  • New England
  • Southeastern Canada
  • Ontario
  • Quebec
  • Vermont
  • New Hampshire
  • Maine
  • Nova Scotia
  • Map jet streams that contributed to the ice storm
  • Great Plains
  • Chicago
  • New York
  • How location affects heat (dry in Arizona vs. humid in New York)
  • Paradise, California
  • When and where thunderstorms occur
  • How thunderstorms form
  • Types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multi-cell, squall lines, supercells
  • What lightning is
  • How lightning forms
  • Energy in lightning
  • Types of lightning: sheet/intra-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-ground, forked, rare lightning
  • How lightning rods work
  • Early experiment to prove connection between lightning and electricity
  • Hurricane
  • Cyclone
  • Typhoon
  • Tropical cyclones
  • How hurricanes are formed
  • Coriolis effect
  • Hurricane features
  • Hurricane category and scale
  • Hurricanes on a radar
  • Tornado
  • How tornadoes form
  • Conservation of angular momentum
  • Tornado dissipation stage
  • Radar-indicated tornadoes
  • Parts of a tornado on radar
  • How doppler radars work
  • Precipitation on radar
  • Rear-inflow jet
  • What is a derecho
  • When and where derechos usually occur
  • Mesoscale convection system
  • Bow echo
  • How derechos form
  • What classifies as a derecho
  • What is a microburst
  • Anemometers
  • Weather-related terms: Lessons 1–4
  • Tsunamis
  • Difference between tsunamis and regular waves
  • How tsunamis form
  • Trough and crest of a wave
  • Shoaling
  • How the shape of the coastline affects tsunamis
  • How earthquakes cause tsunamis
  • Landslides trigger tsunamis
  • Volcanoes cause tsunamis
  • Meteotsunamis
  • Demonstrate tsunami waves
  • Storm surge
  • How storm surges form
  • The impact storm surges have
  • How scientists classify storm surges
  • Other factors that contribute to storm-surge severity
  • Hurricane Charley and Hurricane Ian comparison
  • Why storm surges are dangerous
  • Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH)
  • How SLOSH works
  • Saltwater effects on plants
  • River floods
  • What causes river floods
  • Flash floods
  • What causes flash floods
  • Flash flood destruction
  • Water absorption experiment
  • Technology of green screens
  • Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOFs)
  • What forms glacial lakes
  • What causes GLOFs
  • What makes natural dams
  • Moraine-dammed lake
  • Bedrock-dammed lake
  • Landslide-dammed lake
  • Subglacial lake
  • Supraglacial lake
  • How GLOFs are monitored
  • How to help prevent GLOFs
  • Surface tension
  • Weather-related terms: Lessons 5–8
  • Earth's crust
  • Tectonic plates
  • Earthquakes
  • Faults
  • Seismic waves
  • Hypocenter
  • Epicenter
  • Foreshocks and aftershocks
  • How faults move
  • Types of faults
  • How earthquakes are measured
  • Moment Magnitude Scale
  • Seismometers
  • How earthquake intensity is measured
  • Types of plate boundaries
  • Pyroclastic flows
  • Lahars
  • Volcanoes
  • Magma
  • How volcanoes erupt
  • Volcanic ash
  • Vent
  • Pipe
  • Cone
  • Magma chamber
  • Magma system
  • Types of magma
  • Lava
  • Types of volcanoes
  • Cinder cone
  • Composite volcano (stratovolcano)
  • Shield volcano
  • Lava dome
  • Volcano demonstration: explosive gases
  • pH scale: acids and bases
  • Avalanches
  • What a snowpack is
  • What causes avalanches
  • Types of avalanches
  • Avalanches on Mars
  • Avalanche warning signs
  • Speed-and-slope ramp experiment
  • What crater lakes are and how they are formed
  • Meromictic lakes
  • Carbon dioxide in meromictic lakes
  • Hypolimnion
  • Epilimnion
  • How limnic eruptions occur
  • What carbon dioxide is
  • How carbon dioxide affects living things
  • Effects of too much carbon dioxide
  • Lake degassing systems and how they work
  • Carbon dioxide sensors
  • Gas exchange in our bodies
  • How the lungs work
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Role of carbon dioxide in baking
  • Natural disaster related terms: Lessons 9–12
  • Landslides
  • What causes landslides
  • Debris flows
  • What causes debris flows
  • Types of landslides and debris flows
  • Where landslides are common
  • Landslide warning signs
  • Data collection: local weather
  • Weather instrument: rain gauge
  • Record high and low temperatures: local area
  • Volcanic mudflows (lahars)
  • Nevado del Ruiz volcano
  • Hot and cold lahars
  • How lahars are tracked
  • Lahar alarms
  • Technology used to detect lahars: ground vibration systems, rainfall monitors, and acoustic flow detectors
  • Predictive modeling: how scientists determine the path or speed of a lahars
  • Calculate speed, distance, and time
  • Investigate things that increase or decrease speed
  • Hailstorm weather conditions
  • Measuring hail by diameter
  • How hail forms
  • Three requirements for hail formation: moisture, freezing temperatures, updrafts
  • Predicting hail with dual-polarization radar, Hydrometeor Classification Algorithm (HCA), Maximum Estimated Hail Size (MESH)
  • Largest hailstone ever was 8 inches across and weighed 2 pounds
  • Cloudy vs. clear ice formation
  • How a weather radar works
  • Precipitation on radar
  • Life cycle of a snowflake
  • Shapes of snowflakes
  • Differentiating between snowstorms, blizzards, and whiteouts
  • Properties of snow: warm, reflective, used for building
  • Dry vs. wet snow
  • The sound changes in snowy places
  • Forecasting snow advisories
  • Use data to create a weather forecast
  • Natural-disaster-related terms: Lessons 13–16
  • Ice storms: what are they and how they form
  • El Niño
  • Other forms of frozen precipitation: freezing rain, sleet, snow, frost
  • Forecasting ice storms with Doppler radar, weather balloons, satellite images
  • Issuing an ice storm warning when expected glaze is >0.25 inches
  • Hidden dangers of an ice storm: black ice, heavy icicles, generator risks
  • Supercooled water experiment
  • How farming practices contributed to the Dust Bowl
  • Dust pneumonia
  • What happens when rain disappears
  • Tracking droughts
  • Types of droughts: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, socioeconomic, ecological
  • Long-term effects of droughts in different environments: forests, urban areas, etc.
  • Efficient irrigation
  • Heat waves: what they are and their hazards
  • How heat waves form
  • Jet streams
  • Atmospheric blocking and high-pressure systems
  • Heat domes
  • How sweat cools you
  • Signs of heat exhaustion
  • Urban heat island effect
  • Differences between dry heat and humid heat
  • Thermoregulation
  • Differences between heat exhaustion and heatstroke
  • Common temperatures: Fahrenheit and Celsius
  • Wildfires
  • Conditions that fuel wildfires and the wildland-urban interface
  • Fire behaviors and the fire triangle
  • Types of fires: ground, surface, crown
  • Tracking the spread of and containment of wildfires
  • The contributions of weather and landscape to wildfires
  • Fuel moisture
  • Fire Weather Index
  • Controlling and putting out wildfires
  • Natural-disaster-related terms: Lessons 17–20
  • Vocabulary: tension, protocol
  • Listening comprehension: thunderstorms
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about thunderstorms
  • Create a visual to explain the types of storms
  • Weather reports: studio reporting
  • Write a journal entry from Benjamin Franklin's perspective
  • Vocabulary: reinforce, remnant low
  • Listening comprehension: hurricanes
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about hurricanes
  • Research and write about the Coriolis effect
  • Weather reports: radio reporting
  • Vocabulary: guttural, dissipation
  • Listening comprehension: tornadoes
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about tornadoes
  • Weather reports: podcast reporting
  • Poetry study: "Resolution and Independence"
  • Write a poem about a storm
  • Vocabulary: catastrophic, foresight
  • Listening comprehension: windstorms
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about windstorms
  • Weather reports: on-location reporting
  • Review of weather terms in Lessons 1–4
  • Vocabulary: amplify, unprecedented
  • Listening comprehension: tsunamis
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about tsunamis
  • Vocabulary: topography, velocity
  • Listening comprehension: storm surges and coastal flooding
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about storm surges and coastal flooding
  • Vocabulary: integrity, vegetation
  • Listening comprehension: river and flash flooding
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about river and flash flooding
  • Write a slogan
  • Write a report about green screens
  • Vocabulary: accelerate, mitigation
  • Listening comprehension: glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs)
  • Use guided notes to create a summary paragraph about GLOFs
  • Review of weather terms from lessons 5–8
  • Write a report about surface tension
  • Vocabulary: magnitude, induced
  • Listening comprehension: earthquakes
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about earthquakes
  • Public speaking
  • Creative writing: earthquakes
  • Vocabulary: viscosity, conduit
  • Listening comprehension: volcanic eruptions
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about volcanic eruptions
  • Creative writing: Mount Vesuvius eruption story
  • Vocabulary: prone, sublimate
  • Listening comprehension: avalanches
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about avalanches
  • Public speaking: speech skills
  • Vocabulary: disorientation, falter
  • Listening comprehension: limnic eruptions
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about limnic eruptions
  • Apply public-speaking skills to presentation
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 9–12
  • Vocabulary: slurry, LiDAR
  • Listening comprehension: landslides
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about landslides
  • Vocabulary: torrent, viciously
  • Listening comprehension: lahars
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about lahars
  • Use of a graphic organizer
  • Figures of speech: personification, simile, metaphor
  • Vocabulary: diameter, assess
  • Listening comprehension: hailstorms
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about hailstorms
  • Write a letter
  • Vocabulary: mogul, spectacle
  • Listening comprehension: snowstorms
  • Use guided notes to create a summary about snowstorms
  • Create a final draft of a weather forecast graphic
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 13–16
  • Vocabulary: simulation, harrowing
  • Listening comprehension: ice storms
  • Use guided notes to write a summary about ice storms
  • Unit project: plan your broadcast
  • Vocabulary: fallow, reservoir
  • Listening comprehension: droughts
  • Use guided notes to write a summary about droughts
  • Write a script
  • Vocabulary: compress, deceptive
  • Listening comprehension: heat waves
  • Use guided notes to write a summary about heat waves
  • Practice final project presentation
  • Vocabulary: smolder, siege
  • Present unit project: broadcast presentation
  • Review of natural-disaster-related terms in Lessons 17–20
  • Pan Am Flight 214 lightning strike
  • Changes to plane safety during storms
  • Benjamin Franklin: lightning experiment
  • Galveston hurricane (1900)
  • Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale
  • Herbert Saffir
  • Robert Simpson
  • Timeline of National Weather Service
  • History of anemometers
  • Lituya Bay, Alaska tsunami (1958)
  • Krakatoa volcano (1883)
  • Use of pearl shells in Indigenous art
  • Johnstown Flood (1889)
  • South Fork Dam failure
  • Problems with the South Fork Dam
  • Aftermath of the Johnstown Flood
  • Clara Barton
  • American Red Cross' first major peacetime disaster relief effort
  • How Johnstown helped change US liability laws
  • How Johnstown affected dam safety rules
  • History of flood insurance
  • Lake Palcacocha GLOF (1941)
  • Significant events with earthquakes
  • Mount Vesuvius eruption (AD 79)
  • Ancient city of Pompeii
  • Barry, the avalanche rescue dog
  • Herodotus: Greek historian
  • Timeline of the United States mail carriers
  • Great Blizzard of 1888: impact, snow totals, lessons learned
  • Mark Twain
  • William Steinway
  • P.T. Barnum
  • Wilson "Snowflake" Bentley
  • Drought in the 1930s
  • Black blizzards
  • Dust Bowl
  • April 14, 1935: Black Sunday
  • Soil Conservation Service: created to train farmers in new practices
  • Heat wave and the Dust Bowl (Summer 1936)
  • Timeline of the history of air conditioning
  • Formula to find wind speed using anemometer
  • Use the formula to calculate speed
  • Geometry: the strength of triangles
  • Apply the formula to estimate speed of a lahar
  • Converting common temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius and vice versa
  • Occupation of meteorologist
  • Hurricane Ivan (2004)
  • Hurricane Ivan costs, destruction, and damage
  • Cyclone Freddy (2023)
  • Hurricane Sandy (2012)
  • Hurricane Beryl (2024)
  • Tropical Storm Julia
  • Hurricane Alice
  • How hurricanes are named
  • World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
  • Hurricane Katrina (2005)
  • Hurricane Ivan aftermath and recovery
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
  • Hurricane Iniki (1992)
  • Occupation of radio reporter
  • Weather radios
  • Compare radio and studio reporting
  • Pros and cons of radio reporting
  • Jimmy Carter
  • Emergency preparedness
  • Joplin tornado (2011)
  • Plainfield tornado (1990)
  • Why the Plainfield tornado was so bad
  • Forecasting tornadoes
  • Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF)
  • Tornado damage rating
  • Plainfield recovery
  • Changes to tornado tracking and radar systems
  • Tornado Alley
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
  • Occupation of podcast reporter
  • National Weather Service (NWS)
  • Midwest derecho (2020)
  • Crash of Delta Flight 191 (1985)
  • President Ronald Reagan experienced microbust in 1983
  • How Cedar Rapids rebuilt
  • Prepare, Act, Communicate, Train (P.A.C.T.)
  • ReLeaf Cedar Rapids
  • Occupation of on-location reporters
  • Disaster-relief funding
  • Indian Ocean tsunami (2004)
  • Japan is one of the most tsunami-prone countries
  • Japan invests in high-tech tsunami alerts and seawalls
  • Aftermath of Indian Ocean tsunami
  • Relief efforts and organizations like World Vision
  • Establishment of Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System
  • New studios
  • Plan relief efforts
  • Occupation of news anchor
  • Flash flood safety
  • Pennsylvania's Dam Safety and Encroachments Act of 1978
  • Use of green screens in media
  • Flood insurance
  • Occupation of presenter
  • Occupation of camera operator
  • Handling emotions
  • Earthquake in Kashmir (2005)
  • How the earthquake affected the region
  • What made it so tragic
  • Aftermath of the Kashmir earthquake
  • Personal reflection: public speaking
  • Mount St. Helens eruption (1980)
  • How the eruption affected the area
  • Aftermath of Mount St. Helens
  • How volcanoes are monitored
  • Body language
  • Galtür (Austria) avalanche (1999)
  • Why it was so dangerous
  • How scientists monitor avalanche risk
  • Rescue efforts after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche safety changes after the Galtür avalanche
  • Avalanche danger color-coded scale
  • Search-and-rescue dogs
  • Lake Nyos limnic eruption (1986)
  • What the limnic eruption taught scientists
  • Tools scientists use to detect and warn of possible limnic eruptions
  • Confidence
  • Oso landslide (2014)
  • What caused the Oso landslide
  • Tools used to monitor landslides
  • LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) system
  • Aftermath of Oso landslide
  • Forest management
  • Occupation of forester
  • Forest harvesting
  • Uses of timber
  • Conservation and preservation
  • Reforestation
  • Armero lahar destruction (1985)
  • Mount Merapi eruption (2010)
  • Disaster relief efforts
  • July 23, 2010: Vivian hailstorm
  • Destruction of hailstorms
  • Community cleanup afterward
  • United States mail carriers
  • Changes made to the community in NYC after the Blizzard of 1888, like underground wires and underground subway system
  • January 1998 ice storm
  • Cost of the 1998 ice storm on the community: immediate and long-term impacts
  • Cleanup after an ice storm: cutting up downed trees and restoring utilities
  • Preparing for a future ice storm: fortifying infrastructure and communication, emergency plans, stocking up on essentials
  • Critical-thinking skills and the concept of being safe or sorry
  • The role of artists, photographers, writers, and musicians in sharing news and history
  • Water conservation challenge
  • Chicago heat wave (July 1995)
  • Implementing plans to avoid future heat-related catastrophes
  • Paradise, California, wildfire (November 8, 2018)
  • Rebuilding as a community after a wildfire
  • Complete self-evaluation rubric: broadcast presentation
  • Hurricane art
  • Create shell art
  • Design a slogan and make a commercial
  • Videography
  • Create a stop-motion movie
  • Paint a snowy scene
  • Design and create a structure
  • Architecture terms
  • Design a graphic organizer
  • Weather radar art
  • Photomicrograph art
  • Bake homemade bread
  • Job 37:5
  • God's design in creation
  • God's protection
  • Isaiah 26:3
  • Psalm 56:3
  • Isaiah 41:10
  • John 16:33
  • Psalm 34:4
  • Jesus calms the storm
  • Mark 4:35–41
  • Mark 4:39
  • Trusting Jesus
  • Jesus brings peace
  • Job 37
  • Consider God's work
  • Trusting God when we don't understand
  • Psalm 46:1
  • God is our shelter
  • God is present in the chaos
  • Psalm 93:4
  • Nature can be unpredictable, but God isn't
  • God is mightier than the waves
  • Isaiah 43:2
  • God is always near
  • God is our anchor
  • Matthew 13:45–46
  • Evidence of the flood
  • Genesis 7:1
  • Genesis 7:19
  • Genesis 8:1
  • Genesis 9:16
  • Psalm 29:10–11
  • God is in control
  • Trusting in God's timing
  • 1 John 1:9
  • God forgives and cleanses
  • Ecclesiastes 3:1–9
  • Psalm 119:76
  • Matthew 11:28–30
  • Psalm 23:4
  • Psalm 147:5
  • Philippians 4:7
  • Matthew 7:24–27
  • Building our lives on solid ground
  • Earthquakes in the Bible
  • Matthew 27:50–51,54
  • Matthew 28:2
  • Acts 4:31
  • Psalm 104
  • God is always present
  • Psalm 121:1–2
  • God is our help
  • Psalm 139:1–2
  • Fully seen and known by God
  • 2 Timothy 1:7
  • Present Job 37:5–14
  • Psalm 40:2
  • God is with us
  • God restores
  • Matthew 28:19
  • Isaiah 61:3
  • Beauty for ashes
  • God's presence in loss
  • Psalm 33:8
  • Stand in awe of God
  • God is bigger than any storm
  • Exodus 9:18–35
  • The seventh plague: hail
  • Isaiah 1:18
  • God washes us white as snow
  • 2 Corinthians 12
  • God doesn't always calm the storm, but He always sees us through it
  • Proverbs 22:3
  • 1 Kings 17–18
  • Exodus 15:22–18:27
  • Isaiah 58:11
  • God is near even in the driest seasons
  • Jesus is our Living Water
  • Genesis 2:7
  • Isaiah 64:8
  • Philippians 2:4
  • Be attentive to ways you can help others in need
  • Isaiah 43:2b
  • Growing for God through trials
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